CHAPTER VI. 



MTOLOGY THE STUDY OF THE MUSCLES. 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FREQUENCY OF MUSCULAR VARIATIONS EXPLANATION OF 

 TECHNICAL TERMS APHORISMS FOR DISSECTORS LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AND 

 MATERIALS HOW TO USE DISSECTING INSTRUMENTS PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS 

 CLIPPING THE HAIR CUTTING THE SKIN REMOVAL OF THE SKIN NAMES AND 

 SYNONYMS OF THE MUSCLES HEREIN DESCRIBED DESCRIPTIONS OF FORTY MUSCLES 

 OF THE CEPHALIC REGION OF THE BODY, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR DISSEC- 

 TIONTHE STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE. 



General References to Myotomy. Bernard, A, 182-206 ; Chauveau (Fleming, 184- 

 186 ; Cleland, A, 1-7 ; Heath (Keen), A, Appendix ; Hodges, A ; Hyrtl, A, 59-67 ; Mojsis- 

 ovics, A, 1-15; Straus-Durckheim, B, 130-162; Reeves, A. 



567. Muscular Homologies. The following works and papers deal with the general 

 and special homologies of muscles ; the first three embrace all Vertebrates and all regions 

 of the body ; the others refer mainly to the limbs of the Mammalia: Humphrey, E, 

 105-188 : Meckel, A, V, VI ; Cuvier, A, I ; Quain, A, I, 185 ; Mivart, 4 ; Macallister, 9, 

 12, 19 ; Rolleston, 13 ; Krause, A ; Cones, 1, 36, 47 ; Wilder, 1, 4, 1O, 2O. 



568. General Considerations. For the reasons stated in 20 i, Practical Anatomy 

 always begins with the skeleton, including the bones and cartilages, the arthra (joints) 

 and ligaments. 



Of the soft parts, the muscles are most easily prepared, examined and preserved, and 

 they serve, together with the bones, as landmarks for the recognition of the vessels and 

 nerves ; hence Myology naturally succeeds Osteology. 



Yet the practical study of the muscles is not without its difficulties. 



Upon the limbs, excepting the distal segments, the muscles are much more numerous 

 than the bones. For example, in the arm and shoulder girdle, if we omit the manus, 

 there are fixe bones, scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna and radius. Excluding those which 

 arise from the humerus and are inserted upon the manus, more than thirty distinct 

 muscles are attached to these five bones. 



The larger bones also are readily recognized, even when covered by soft parts ; but two 

 or more muscles in the same locality may have the same general form and direction, so 

 that their determination may involve a careful examination of their attachments. 



Hence, whereas most of the bones may be prepared in the some way, the general rules 

 for dissection must be modified and supplemented with respect to each muscle, in order 

 that it may be exposed, dissected, examined and removed to the best advantage. 



569. Just how explicit the directions should be has not, apparently, been fully 

 determined bv anatomical teachers and writers. Some " Laboratory Directions " are so 



