of the Salmon in Fresh Water, 17 



change, the zymin-secreting cells are well preserved and show no 

 chvomatolysis of their nuclei, and it is only the superficial epithelium 

 which is altered. In these cells the nuclei are shrunken, the cell- 

 bodies are swollen and agglutinated, so that their outline has become 

 less distinct, and they look much like the cells of mucous glands after 

 treatment with water. But the cells retain their arrangement, and are 

 not cast off as in the fish from the rivers. 



STOMACHS OF KELTS. 



It was exceedingly interesting to find that these had regained the 

 normal appearance. The fish did not reach the laboratory till many 

 hours after death, so that there was a certain amount of the post- 

 mortem change in the superficial epithelium noted above. The zyrnin- 

 secreting epithelium, however, and the rest of the mucous membrane 

 were quite normal in every way (Fig. 4). 



THE PYLORIC APPENDAGES AND INTESTINE. 



The appendages in the salmon are very numerous, and some doubt 

 has always prevailed as to their real significance, whether they are to 

 be regarded as secreting or absorbing organs. I think there can be no 

 doubt that, in the Salmonidre at all events, they fulfil the latter 

 function, for in structure they exactly resemble the upper part of the 

 intestine, so much so in fact that but for the difference in size it would 

 be impossible to say whether a section came from one or the other. 

 The digestive action which their contents have been shown, in another 

 part of this research, to possess, (p. 34) is probably due to the secretion 

 of the pancreas. The ducts of this organ appear to open into the appen- 

 dages, and its secretion would naturally impart to the contents a digestive 

 action. 



The intestine and appendages both have a peritoneal investment, an 

 external longitudinal and internal circular and thicker muscular coat, 

 no muscularis mucosa?, a well-marked stratum compactum. exactly the 

 same in character as that found in the stomach, a mucous membrane 

 thrown into longitudinal folds, and covered by a cylindrical epithelium 

 with the usual striated hem, and containing numerous chalice cells (Figs. 

 5, 11, 12). The only difference between the two organs is that, generally 

 speaking, the folds in the intestine are set more closely together, so that 

 the deepest parts of the folds look in sections like short tubular glands or 

 Lieberkiihiiian follicles, whilst in the pyloric appendages the folds are 

 more open and there is no likelihood of imagining the existence of 

 glands at their bases. In both structures the eosinophile leucocytes are 

 numerous, but are to be found mainly in the connective tissue about the 

 stratum compactum. The leucocytes in the folds and passing through 

 the epithelium are usually either of the hyaline or the smaller oxyphile 

 variety. The epithelial cells retain their striated hem (or fringe of 

 processes, as it probably really is), right down to the bottom of the 

 folds. 



On opening either of these structures in the fresh state there is 

 always in the lumen a semi-fluid pultaceous mass varying in consistence 

 between jelly and pus, and more or less yellow in colour. This is 

 the case alike in the salmon from the river mouth, from the upper 

 reaches, and from the sea. In the lower gut in this material are 

 numerous more opaque hard masses. These are composed of large 

 crystals of carbonate of lime held together by mucus. In none of the 

 very many specimens examined was the smallest trace of undigested 



