174 Investigations on the Life-History 



to the ovaries, the rest being available for energy ; while in the male 

 about 5 per cent, of the fats and 14 per cent, of the proteids go to the 

 testes. 



The total energy liberated from fats and proteids is possibly somewhat 

 greater in the male than in the female, being to August 1,271,000 

 Kgms. per fish of standard length in the female, and 1,380,000 Kgms. in 

 the male. Of the energy thus liberated about 2,200 Kgms. are required 

 to raise the fish to the height of the upper water of the river, the 

 remainder being available for the much greater work of overcoming 

 the resistance of the stream, for internal work and for other calls 

 upon the energy supply. 



Of this total available energy in the female, about 20 per cent, is 

 derived from the proteids, while in the male only 9 per cent, is derived 

 from this source. The rest is derived from the fats. 



f us of Muscle, Genitalia, etc. (p. 



It has been shown that in the female fish only just enough phosphorus 

 is accumulated in the muscle to supply the wants of the growing ovaries, 

 while in the male the accumulation is superabundant. In this connec- 

 tion it has been further pointed out that in the male the enormous 

 growth of the bony jaw may use up a further amount of phosphorus. 

 Whether in the female any phosphorus required for the ovaries in 

 excess of that stored in the muscle is procured from the bones, these 

 observations do not indicate. 



The phosphorus is stored in the muscle chiefly as phosphates, and to a 

 somewhat smaller extent as lecithin. The amount of lecithin in the 

 muscle is not nearly sufficient to yield the lecithin of the ovaries. In 

 the ovaries the phosphorus is in the form of ichthulin, a pseudo-nuclein and 

 lecithin, so the phosphorus from the phosphates of the muscles must 

 undergo profound changes in the growing ovaries, and being synthesised 

 with organic bodies be built into these compounds. That these com- 

 pounds are the forerunners of the still more complex nucleins of the 

 embryo is indicated. In the male the transference of the phos- 

 phates of the muscle into these higher nuclein compounds is even 

 more direct, and the occurrence of lecithin in considerable amount in the 

 growing testes seems to point to this substance as the first step in the 

 synthesis of inorganic phosphates to nucleic acid. 



VI. Iron of Muscle and Ovaries. 



Dr Greig (p. 156) has shown that the ichthulin of the ovary contains iron, 

 and the amount of iron in the ovaries thus increases as the organs grow. 

 Whence is this iron procured ? 



It has been shown that the iron lost from the muscle is insufficient to 

 yield the iron gained by the ovaries, and it is thus probable that the 

 haemoglobin of the blood must be drawn on for this element. The liver 

 does not seem to yield iron to the ovaries. 



VII. Pigments of Muscle and Ovaries. 



Miss Newbigin's study of the pigments of the muscle and ovary (p. 159) 

 shows that two lipochromes are present. First, the very widely dis- 

 tributed yellow pigment the so-called lutein which colours the yolk of 

 the hen's egg ; and second, a bright red lipochrome which, mixed 

 with the former, gives the characteristic colour to the salmon muscle 

 and ovaries. 



Though it has not been possible to investigate the source of the 

 pigments, the evidence adduced tends to show that the characteristic red 

 pigment is probably not derived from the food, but that it is constructed 



