MILK SURVEY OF THE CITY OF ROCHESTER 195 



instance did we find the disease typhoid fever being imparted to the 

 milk by people who were sick. There were carriers in this family, and 

 these carriers were infecting the milk. The same thing holds true of 

 every disease. The septic sore throat, diphtheria disease, is imparted, or 

 the bacilli are imparted to the milk by people who are not sick, who are 

 clinically well, and would be passed as well by any inspectors from the 

 Health Department. 



Q. Pasteurization is a barrier against this infection? 



A. It is; commonly speaking, it is a "Safety First" procedure. 



Q. Will the numbers of bacteria become very large indeed in raw 

 milk, if it is not kept very cool? 



A. Thousands of millions; uncountable numbers. 



Q. What is the effect of pasteurization on these large numbers of 

 bacteria that come into the milk from contamination with dirt? 



A. The ordinance in Chicago specifies that the pasteurization must 

 kill 99% of all the bacteria and 100% of what ordinarily are referred to 

 as the disease or pathogenic bacteria. 



Q. You look upon pasteurization as a safeguard for infants and 

 children ? 



A. I do. 



Q. Now, in recommending the adoption of such an ordinance for 

 Chicago, do you take into consideration the opinion of some scientists 

 and medical men that the pasteurization of milk may damage its food 

 value ? 



A. I did. 



Q.. What is your attitude on that? 



A. That was a question that I investigated very thoroughly, and 

 went around to many different cities and talked with health officers of 

 those cities and with children's specialists practicing therein. I also con- 

 ferred personally and by letter with children's specialists in Chcago and 

 in many parts of the country. The prevailing opinion at the time the ordi- 

 nance was passed, was that the process of pasteurization decreased the 

 food value of milk; decreased perhaps in some slight measure the direct 

 food value, but harmed milk in that it tended to increase the amount of 

 scurvy and rickets said to be produced by milk. As the result of my 

 investigation I came to the conclusion that there was no basis for that 

 opinion and had no hesitation in so advising the City Council of Chicago 

 and the people through the public press and otherwise. There has been 

 no increase in scurvy or rickets in Chicago. My judgment is that the 

 process of pasteurization, its very general adoption as a community prob- 

 lem makes no particular difference with regard to scurvy. I am a mem- 

 ber of the Executive Committee on the Medical Board of the Infant 

 Welfare Society in Chicago. All of our babies that are -not breast fed are 



