MILK SURVEY OF THE CITY OF ROCHESTER 203 



all milk not coming from herds shown to be free from tuberculosis, should be 

 scientifically pasteurized. The National Association for the Prevention of 

 Tuberculosis, the Canadian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, and 

 the Canadian Medical Association subsequently passed similar resolutions. 



It was with a knowledge of the dangers of transmission of tuberculosis, 

 together with the dangers of the transmission of other communicable diseases 

 and the dangers of diarrhoeal diseases through raw market milk, that prompted 

 the Committee on Milk Standards, and subsequently, the American Public 

 Health Association and the American Medical Association, as well as the 

 Association of State and Provincial Health Officers, to pass a resolution that 

 all milk not coming from herds free from tuberculosis, as demonstrated by the 

 tuberculin test, and not obtained under conditions corresponding to those 

 required for the production of certified milk, should be scientifically pasteurized 

 before being used for human consumption. 



At the International Pure Milk Congress held in Brussels in 1907, the use 

 of raw milk for infant feeding was officially condemned and pasteurization 

 advocated. 



It was with a knowledge of these facts that the Minister of Agriculture for 

 France in 1912 had legislation passed prohibiting the sale of any milk in France 

 that had not been properly pasteurized. The Minister of Agriculture had 

 behind him in this move a solid block of all the scientific and legislative powers, 

 including: Professor Bordeau, of the College of France; Professor Metchni- 

 koff of the Pasteur Institute; the President of France, the Deputies, the Sen- 

 ators, the Ministers, the Pasteur Institute, the College of France, and the 

 Medical Faculty. 



Prof. William T. Sedgwick of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 

 and President-elect of the American Public Health Association, says: 'I have 

 long been a believer in the necessity of pasteurization and went on record to 

 this effect in my first paper on milk supply and public health in 1892, reiterating 

 the same views in Sanitary Science and Public Health the same year. The 

 opinion then expressed I hold substantially in the same form and for the same 

 reasons today.' 



Denmark, the country that practically leads the world in dairying and in 

 efforts to control tuberculosis amongst cattle and hogs, goes so far as to require 

 that all skimmed milk and buttermilk required for the feeding of animals must 

 be pasteurized, and also all cream used for the manufacturing of gutter or ice 

 cream. 



One of the most valuable advances towards the more general control and 

 safeguarding of the milk supply in the United States and Canada was the 

 appointment of the Commission on Milk Standards. The appointment of this 

 Commission was the direct result of the observations of the New York Milk 

 Committee, that there was great incompleteness and lack of uniformity in the 

 milk standards, milk ordinances and rules and regulations of public health 

 authorities throughout the country for the control of public health supplies. 



In the report issued by this Committee, regulations of standards were pub- 

 lished to govern milk supplies in the various municipalities permitting of modi- 

 fications to meet certain local conditions. The one recommendation, however, 

 which was universal was that all milk not coming from tuberculin tested cattle 

 and procured under the conditions necessary for the production of a certified 

 milk, should be efficiently pasteurized. 



As has been recently expressed in the New York Medical Record: 



