THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 415 



Wisconsin: Unlawful to sell or otherwise transfer any bull, cow, or heifer 

 of the bovine family, over 6 months old, for other than temporary feeding 

 purposes, or to be exported from the State or slaughtered, unless tuberculin 

 tested within two years. 



APPENDIX AT. 



COMMUNICATION FROM GEN. GEORGE M. STERNBERG, DATED OCTOBER 9, 

 1907, CONCERNING PRACTICABILITY OF SHIPPING MILK IN CANS AT LOW 



TEMPERATURE^ 



OCTOBER 9, 1907. 



MY DEAR DR. MAGRUDER : While at the Jamestown Exposition as a member 

 of the jury of awards I was especially interested in the model dairy exhibited by 

 the Virginia Polytechnic Institute ( Blacksburg, Va. ) , under the direction of Prof. 

 William Saunders. The milk used within the exposition grounds is all sup- 

 plied by this dairy and all shipped from Blacksburg, which, I understand, is 

 about 300 miles distant. This milk is pasteurized and refrigerated before being 

 shipped, and is shipped in tin cans having a felt jacket. It is quite cold when 

 it arrives, and, indeed, has ice in it from the refrigeration practiced before ship- 

 ping. I was glad to know that it is quite practicable to ship milk a long dis- 

 tance without the use of refrigerator cars, maintaining it at so low a tempera- 

 ture that bacteria will not develop in it. I have no doubt you can obtain full 

 information with reference to this matter by writing to Prof. Saunders, or, 

 better still, by paying a visit to his model dairy at the exposition. 

 Very sincerely, yours, 



GEO. M. STERNBERG. 



APPENDIX AJ. 



DATED DECEMBER 29, 1906, CONCERNING THE FORMATION OF NATURAL 



ICE DURING WINTER SEASONS IN VICINITY OF WASHINGTON, D. C. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 



CENTRAL OFFICE OF THE WEATHER BUREAU, 



Washington, D. C., December 29, 1906. 

 Dr. GEORGE L. MAGRUDEB, 



#o. 4 Jackson Place NW., Washington, D. (7. 



DEAR SIR: In regard to the formation of natural ice in this vicinity during 

 the winter season I beg to say that on examining the records of daily minimum 

 temperatures in this city for the last 30 years I find but one winter, viz, that 

 of 1889-90, during which ice could not have been gathered from ponds in this 

 vicinity. The winter of 1889-90 was by far the warmest that has been experi- 

 enced in the last 50 years. The mean daily temperature for the month of 

 January, 1890, was nearly 4 above freezing; for February, 3 above, and for 

 December, 1889, it was 4 above. In ordinary winters there is no reason why 

 a fair crop of ice from 4 to 8 inches in thickness can not be harvested. The 

 tendency among farmers and others who gather their own ice is to wait until 

 the ice attains a thickness of about 8 inches, and thus sometimes fail to gather 

 a crop, since in warm open winters ice rarely forms a greater thickness than 

 3 to 4 inches. Last winter, it may be remembered, was mild and open, and 

 there was some fear expressed of a failure in the ice crop. Notwithstanding 

 the open season, ice formed to a thickness of 3 to 4 inches in this vicinity, and 

 a fair crop was harvested. In order to insure a crop each year, it is imperative 

 that an artificial pond be created if no natural one is in existence, since failure 

 will occasionally be met if dependence for an ice supply be wholly placed upon 

 running streams. 



Very truly, yours, WILLIS L. MOORE, 



Chief United States Weather Bureau. 



