GRAPES. CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 281 



shoots from every eye, which will each probably produce 

 two bunches. These bearing shoots are to be nipped in, 

 four or five eyes beyond the fruit. The shoot cut down 

 will this year furnish three shoots ; these are to be trained, 

 as at first directed, to another pole, for these three are to 

 furnish fruit for the following year, and are to be pruned 

 and laid down at full length in autumn. As to those 

 which have once borne fruit, they are not permitted to 

 bear fruit a second time, but are each cut down to two 

 eyes, to furnish the reserve wood for the following year ; 

 and so proceed till four bearing limbs are annually elevated 

 and twisted around two poles, and an equal number of 

 supernumerary or reserve branches are annually raised up 

 and trained to two other poles. Always observe to cut so 

 as to have your wood start from a low point, near the sur- 

 face ; for this purpose it may be sometimes even necessary 

 to cut back the old wood. 



The bearing wood on trellises, in like manner, should, 

 in early spring, be bent and confined in a serpentine man- 

 ner, with short turnings, or the ends bent downwards; but 

 the young reserve branches, which must never be allowed 

 to produce fruit the first year, should be trained straight, or 

 with a little deviation. 



The long canes of the vine, the production of a single 

 year, if left to themselves, will only break and produce 

 fruit at their extremities. To enable them to produce 

 fruit throughout their whole length, art is necessary. Be- 

 fore vegetation commences in spring, the long cane or vine 

 of the former year's growth, may, if in vineyard culture, be 

 trained spirally, around a stake or pole. Or otherwise it 

 may be tied in a coil. By either mode of treatment, the buds 

 will break, and grow equally from its extremity to its base. 

 When the buds have grown an inch or a little more, the 

 vine may be uncoiled, and secured to its destined position 

 on the rails or trellis. This art is perfectly understood by 

 those who raise grapes in the vineries around Boston. In 

 this way astonishing crops are produced. 



The numerous and flourishing vineyards of America, 

 which have been of late years established in the Middle, 

 Southern, and Western States, for the manufacture of wine, 

 consist principally of the native varieties which I have 

 described. American grapes are found to do best for 

 America in vineyards. It was deemed a capital error that 

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