CAPRIN.E 85 



tail whitish or white ; ruff in some instances wholly black, 

 but more generally with a mixture of white hairs, and in old 

 rams white in front passing into black behind. Muzzle in 

 old age whitish or white. A black or blackish patch behind 

 shoulder, and in some instances a blackish flank-band and 

 markings on outer side of limbs. Females and immature 

 males almost uniformly greyish brown above and paler 

 beneath. 



Occasionally the tips of the horns display " perversion." 

 The range extends from Sind, the Trans-Indus districts 

 of the Punjab, Afghanistan, Gilgit, Baluchistan, the Cis- 

 Indus Salt Eange, through Astor to Zaskar, Ladak, and 

 Tibet, and also including parts of Eussian Turkestan, 

 Transcaspia, and Persia. 



The following four races some of which probably inter- 

 grade may be recognised : 



A. Size large ; colour tending to brownish or greyish. 



a. Horn-girth in five specimens from 10 to 



12 inches ; much black in ruff 0. v. vignei. 



b. Horn-girth from 10 to 12J inches ; front 



surface of horns much flattened ; front 



of ruff mainly white 0. v. arkar. 



B. Size apparently medium. 



Horn-girth from 9 to llf inches ; tips of 

 horns tending to turn outwards, and 



their front angles often knotted 0. v. cycloceros. 



c. Size smaller ; colour redder than in A. 



Horn-girth from 8 to 10 inches 0. v. punjabiensis. 



A. Ovis vigriei vignei. 



Ovis vignei typica. Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 171, 



1898. 

 Ovis vignei vignei, Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 9, 



1913. 



Typical locality Astor. 



Size relatively large, reaching to at least 36 inches at 

 shoulder, and body-colour tending to be browner or greyer 

 than in punjdbiensis. Horns with somewhat convex front 

 surface, and a basal girth of from 10 to 12 inches. Much 

 black in ruff, which is less developed than in other races. 

 The range extends from Astor to Zaskar, Ladak, and probably 

 Tibet. 



