130 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 



Horns large and, in wild species, usually heteronymous, 

 but in some instances " perverted " homonymous ; those of the 

 former type either scimetar-like, with more or less pronounced 

 knots or knobs on front angle or surface or spiral ; in females 

 smaller and smooth. Tail much as in Pseudois. Face-glands 

 wanting ; foot-glands sometimes present in fore-feet of Indian 

 domesticated breeds, always absent in hind-feet ; * two teats. 

 A beard on chin in males, which are strongly odorous. 

 Skull without lachrymal pits; markedly convex in profile, 

 with upper end of premaxilla wedged in between nasal and 

 maxilla. Terminal and median vertical ridges on outer side 

 of upper premolars obsolete. Vertebrae : c. 7, D. 13, L. 6, 

 s. 4, ca. 9-13. 



The distributional area of the genus comprises the 

 mountainous districts of many of the Mediterranean countries, 

 namely, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, northern Italy, the 

 islands of the Grecian Archipelago, and north-eastern Africa, 

 whence it extends eastwards through the Caucasus, Asia 

 Minor, Arabia, Persia, Sind, and Baluchistan to Central Asia. 



The genus is closely connected with Pseudois by means 

 of C. caucasica cylindricornis. 



The following is a provisional key to the species here 

 recognised : 



A. Horns " perverted " homonymous, forming a double 



curve, with the extreme tips turning upwards. 



a. Horns devoid of prominent knots and more or 



less bharal-like ; beard short and curling C. caucasica. 



b. Horns compressed, marked with irregular trans- 



verse ridges, and forming a long open spiral ; 



beard long and straight C. pyrenaica* 



B. Horns heteronymous, more or less scimetar-like, 



and knotted or knobbed in front, with the tips 

 turning downwards ; beard long and restricted to 

 chin. 



a. A bony boss on forehead C.walie. 



b. No boss on forehead. 



a'. Horns imperfectly scimetar-like; when 



knobs fully developed, short C. severizowi* 



&'. Horns distinctly scimeter-like. 

 a". Front surface of horns broad. 



a 3 . Beard moderate; general colour 



uniform; horns moderate .. .. C.ibex. 



* Not verified in all the species. 



