DISSECTING MANUAL. 



Peculiar Ribs. The first is small, flat, and not twisted ; the 

 head is small, with a single facet; the neck is flattened; the 

 tubercle is prominent, curved, and coincides with the angle. 

 On the thin inner border, about an inch from the anterior end, 

 is a spine (scalene tubercle). A shallow oblique groove (sub- 

 clavian vein) crosses the upper surface in front of the spine, 

 and a deeper one (subclavian artery) behind it. The second 

 has no twist, but its upper surface looks slightly outward ; it 

 is larger and less acutely curved. Near the middle of its outer 

 surface and lower border is a rough oval area. The tenth has 

 a single facet on its head. The eleventh is short, with a single 

 facet on its head ; the tubercle is poorly developed and has no 

 facet; the angle is faint; the subcostal groove is faint; the 

 anterior end is pointed. The twelfth resembles the eleventh 

 but is shorter and has no subcostal groove. [99] 



Costal Cartilages. There are twelve pairs, received in de- 

 pressions at the ends of the ribs and held there by perios- 

 teum. They increase in length from the first to seventh, and 

 then decrease below. The first inclines downward, the second 

 is rather horizontal, and the third to the seventh become more 

 and more curved, inclining at first downward and then bend- 

 ing upward ; all these join the sternum. The eighth, ninth, and 

 tenth each run downward and then turn upward to join the 

 cartilage above. The eleventh and twelfth are pointed and 

 free anteriorly. [10] 



ARTICULATIONS. 



Vertebral. These are amphiarthrodial between (intercen- 

 tral) the bodies, and true arthrodial diarthroses between 

 (interneural) the articular processes. [261] 



Intervertebral Discs. These adhere closely to the bodies 

 and consist of a pulpy centre surrounded by fibres, mostly 

 oblique and parallel; they are thickest behind; the third to 

 the seventh are the thinnest. [261] 



Anterior Common Ligament. This is a broad vertical band, 



[110] 



