158 



THE ORCHARD 



various ways of giving this protection, and some special 

 knowledge is needed for each kind of fruit. Much of 

 this protection is given by spray- 

 ing the trees. This means spraying 

 them with water containing some 

 substance that destroys the harmful 

 insects or fungi without injuring 

 the fruit. This is done with a force 

 pump and hose. The hose is fitted 

 with a nozzle that divides the stream 

 into very fine spray. 



Other means of protection are 

 necessary in some cases. Borers 

 often injure the trunks of trees. 

 These must be destroyed or kept 

 out by special treatments. Insects are sometimes en- 

 trapped by placing bands about the trunks of the trees. 

 Fruits containing insects 

 are often destroyed or 

 are fed to stock, to keep 

 the insects from multi- 

 plying. 



The successful fruit 

 grower will need to 

 study much, and to 

 watch carefully to guard 

 against insects and dis- 

 ease. 



THE APPLE. 



FIG. 88. The Flat- 

 headed borer; a, the 

 larva; b. the pupa; d, 

 the perfect beetle. 



FIG. 89. A wormy apple, showing the fa- 

 miliar mass oi brown particles thrown out 

 at the blossom-end by the young worm. 



The Apple is the most important American fruit. It 

 may be had in its fresh state the whole year through. 



