l62 THE ORCHARD 



old. The grape is commonly multiplied from cuttings of 

 the stem. 



Pruning and Cultivating The grape vine is a rapid 

 grower, and therefore needs to be severely pruned to 

 keep it within bounds. The best fruit is borne on the 

 shoots that grow from the part of the vine that grew 

 the year before. In pruning the vine, we should leave 

 on some of the wood that grew the last season, but should 

 cut off most of the older wood. The grape vine is com- 

 monly tied to a trellis made of wire or slats. Some- 

 times it is permitted to climb over an arbor or summer 

 house without much pruning, but it is only with careful 

 pruning that me best grapes can be grown. 



The ground between the rows of grapes should be 

 well cultivated during the summer to keep down weeds. 



In countries having cold winters, grape vines should 

 be protected in winter as described in the section on the 

 raspberry and blackberry in Lesson 27. 



QUESTIONS AND. EXERCISES. 



1. Make a list of the insects that attack orchard trees. 

 Make a list of diseases that affect orchard trees. 



2. What is the codling moth? How can it be controlled? 



3. How may orchard trees be made to bear fruit of a 

 desired variety? 



4. Why should fruit trees be pruned? 



