298 
Smithsonian Institution, Heplanchus, 
88 (Fig. 93). 
Solenostoma, eggs and breeding habits, 
186. 
South American lung-fish, v. Lepido- 
siren. 
South American Siluroid, v. Cad/ichthys. 
Spatularia, v. Polyodon. 
Specialized fishes, defined, 12. 
Spines, 23; v. Fin spines, Clasping 
spines. 
Spiracle of shark, 18; 
tables of, 260. 
Spook-fish, v. Chimzra and Chimz- 
roids. 
Spoon-bill sturgeon, v. Polyodon. 
Squaloraja, in classification, 8; affini- 
ties of, 98 (Fig. 103); restoration of, 
104, 105 (Fig. 106 4); mandibular 
of, 106 (Fig. 108); frontal spine of, 
107 (Fig. 115); dental evolution of, 
112; skin defences of, 113. 
Squalus, 89 (Fig- 94). 
Squatina, v. Rhina. 
Steindachner, F., 149, 150. ” 
Sticklebacks, v. Hemibranchiates. 
Sting-ray, shagreen of, 24 (Fig. 23); 
dental plates of jaw, 24 (Fig. 29), 
25; fin spine of, 28, 29 (Fig. 34). 
Stomach, v. Digestive tract. 
Strong, O. S., 112. 
Structure, characteristic, of fishes, 14. 
Sturgeon, v. Acipenser; spoon-bill 
sturgeon, v. Polyodon and Psephu- 
rus; shovel-nose sturgeon, v. Sca- 
phirhyncus ; a Liassic sturgeon, 
v. Chondrosteus. 
Swim-bladder, hydrostatic, 1, 21, 22 
(Figs. 13-19); of Amia, 21, 22 
(Fig. 14); of gar-pike, 21, 22 (Fig. 
14); of Dipnoans, 21; of Polypterus 
and Calamoichthys, 21, 22 (Fig. 17); 
of NMecturus, 21; of sturgeon, 22 
(Fig. 13); of Teleosts, 22 (Fig. 13); 
of Lrythrinus, 22 (Fig. 15); of 
Ceratodus, 22 (Fig. 16); of Lepido- 
siren, 22 (Fig. 18); of Protopterus, 
22 (Fig. 18); of Dipnoans, 129; 
comparison 
INDEX 
compared with reptiles, birds, and 
' mammals, 20 (Fig. 19); comparison 
tables, 264, 265 (Figs. 13-19). 
Swimming: eel, shark, mackerel, 2. 
Symmetry of fishes, 4. 1 
Synechodus, dentition of, 86, 
Syngnathus, 166 (Fig. 171 A); de- 
scription of, 177, 178; S. acus, 178 
(Fig. 185 4); eggs and breeding 
habits of, 186, 
Tail, v. Caudal fins. 
Teeth, general, 23, 24 (Figs. 27-30); 
description and evolution of, 27, 28; 
of Port Jackson shark, 24 (Fig. 27), 
27, 86; of highly modified fishes, 
28; of Myxinoids, 57; of Cladodus, 
80 (Fig. 86 B); of Acanthodopsis, 
_ 82 (Fig. 88 4); of Pleuracanthus, 
84 (Fig. 90 B); of fossil sharks, 86; 
of Chimeroids, 113; resemblances 
of lung-fishes to Elasmobranchs as 
to teeth, 128. 
TELEOCEPHALI, included in Actinop- 
terygians, 8, 148; description and 
phylogeny of, 165, 166 (Fig. 171 4). 
TELEOST, antiquity of, 9, 147; gills of, 
17 (Fig. 12), 19; operculum of, 19; 
gill rakers of, 20; swim-bladder of, 
22 (Fig. 13); swim-bladder of Zry- 
thrinus, 22 (Fig. 15); scales of, 24 
(Fig. 31); caudal fin of, 36, 37 
(Fig. 48); the term “ Teleost” used 
in the popular sense to denote the 
modern “ bony fish,” 139; the perch 
a convenient type, 139; general 
anatomy of, 141-145 (Figs. 145, 
146); skeleton of Perca fluviatilis, 
142 (Fig. 146); relationship and 
descent, 145-147; description and 
phylogeny of, 165,166 (Fig.1714); 
modified conditions of, 167-171; — 
eggs and breeding habits, 181 (Figs. 
196-199), 185, 186; fertilization of, 
187 and note; development of egg, 
207-212 (Figs. 269-283); larval 
development, 223-225 (Figs. 303- 
list of authors and their 
309) ; 
