BREWERS' REFUSE. ' 307 



Rough kinds of grey and brown paper are also made 

 from the shoots of hops left after the cutting down of the 

 bines ; dried hop-bines are a valuable manure, and even the 

 spent hops, those which have been used in the making of 

 beer, are found, when dried, to make good litter, and are 

 said to improve the health of the horses. 



The rest of the brewer's refuse, namely the spent malt, 

 called " draff" or " dreg/' being more than the cows could 

 eat, was in Edinburgh thrown into the Leith, until an 

 outcry was raised against the practice, when the brewers 

 found that by pressing the "draff" into cake they could 

 sell it to farmers at a distance, and put 60 a week in their 

 own pockets. During the cattle plague, however, it was 

 again thrown on their hands, and for a while they paid to 

 get rid of it, until it was found that by drying, it could be 

 converted into good food for horses. 



Glycerine is another of the now valuable waste products 

 once looked upon as worse than useless, and thrown away. 

 It is contained in most oils and fats, both animal and 

 vegetable, and is formed during the process of soap- 

 making. It is now largely used in medicine, for the pro- 

 duction of syrups, &c., for extracting perfumes, making 

 confectionery, and as a preserver. In the United States 

 it is also used for charging gas-meters, two million pounds 

 being thus consumed annually. 



In conclusion, a few words must be devoted to 

 metal-refuse, and as the fashion of wearing crinoline 

 periodically threatens to become general, we may begin by 

 mentioning that crinoline-steels are an awkward kind of re- 

 fuse, with which no one cares to deal. The chiffoimicrs reject 



