566 THE WORLD'S WONDERS. 



progress was beset with storms, the provisions gave out, the 

 crew mutinied, and finally a portion of the mutineers returned to 

 England without Hudson, whom they had set adrift to perish. 



In 1616 Baffin explored the bay which bears his name and 

 entered the mouth of Lancaster Sound. His survey was very 

 exact and for a period of fifty years no navigator penetrated 

 beyond him. In the meantime, however, two Russian expedi- 

 tions were sent out, but beyond first observing the variations of 

 the magnetic needle, their voyages were without results. 



In 1741 Behring set sail from a Russian harbor in Kamtchatka, 

 discovered the strait which is named for him, but died before he 

 added anything new to polar discoveries. In 1760 Shalaroff, 

 another Russian, attempted a north-west passage, but he perished 

 from starvation, together with all his crew. Two more Russian 

 expeditions were started from North Siberia, one under Andreyeff, 

 the other under Capt. Billings, but they bore no fruits worthy 

 of mention. It was not until 1820-' 23 that any effort was 

 made to reach the North Pole by sledges, when Von Wrangell 

 and Anjon undertook to make the journey in that way. They 

 proceeded as far as lat. 70 51' N., long. 152 25' w., and reported 

 an open sea in the distant north, which precluded further 

 ' operations with sledges. 



Hudson Bay was still considered as being a great outlet toward 

 the northwest, and in 1743 the British Parliament offered a 

 reward of $100,000 to any one who should accomplish a north- 

 west passage through it. Expeditions now followed one another 

 almost annually, but generally without any beneficial results. In 

 1769-73 Samuel Hearne made three overland journeys, in one of 

 which he discovered Coppermine River and traced it to its mouth. 

 In 1773 Capt. Phipps (Lord Mulgrove) went as far north as 

 Hudson had reached. Capt. Cook followed in 1776 on his last 

 expedition, but he only reached lat. 70 45'. 



In 1789 Mackenzie, in a land expedition, discovered and traced 

 to its mouth the great river which was named in his honor. In 

 1818 two more expeditions were dispatched to find a north-west 

 passage : one of these was commanded by Capt. Ross and Lieut. 



