Ulmus. URTICACE.E. 71 



borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable 

 timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest 

 development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers. 



Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; 

 layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common 

 with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu- 

 larly arranged groups of small open ducts ; color light brown tinged witli 

 red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon- 

 hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing. 



223. Ulmus fulva, Michx. 



Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. 



Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south 

 to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of 

 the San Antonio River, Texas. 



A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.G0 metre in 

 diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con- 

 tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth 

 clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays nu- 

 merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely 

 used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc. 



The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, aud extensively used in various 

 medicinal jireparations. 



224. Ulmus Americana, L. 



WJiite Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. 



Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and 

 the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south 

 to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United 

 States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory, 

 and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas. 



A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres 

 in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western 

 and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi- 

 cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of 

 large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the 

 sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees, 

 flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building. 



225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 



Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. 



Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and 



southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south through Ohio to 



central Kentucky. 



