88 CUPULIFER.E. Quercus. 



A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 

 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var frutes- 

 cens, Engelm.) ; rare at the North ; common south of San Francisco Baj . 

 and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme south- 

 western part of the State ; dry slopes and ridges. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of 

 annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts 

 arranged in several rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary 

 rays; color light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; of little 

 value except as fuel. 



271. Quercus Wislizeni, A. DC. 

 Live Oak. 



California, — Mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of 

 the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare County, and in the Coast Ranges south to 

 the Santa Lucia Mountains. 



An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 

 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a low 

 shrub (var. frutescens, Engelm.) ; not common. 



Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing 

 numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the 

 broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown tiuged with red, 

 the sap-wood lighter. 



272. Quercus rubra, L. 

 Red Oak. Black Oak. 



Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western 

 Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory : south to northern Florida, 

 southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the Limpia Mountains, western 

 Texas. 



A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 

 metres in diameter : very common in all soils and extending farther north 

 than any other Atlantic oak. The form of western Texas, with smaller 

 acorns and deeper cups, and more deeply divided leaves, the wood heavier, 

 harder, and more compact, is var. Texa/ia. Buckley. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; 

 layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open 

 ducts : medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap- 

 wood somewhat darker ; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and 

 somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc. 



273. Quercus coccinea, Wang. 



Scarlet Oak. 



Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan 

 and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware 



