Quercus. CUPULIFER^E. 89 



and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern 

 Florida. 



A tree 30 to 54 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 

 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; at the East, in dry, sandy soil or, less com- 

 monly, in rich, deep loam ; in the Northwest, with Q. macrocarpa, form- 

 ing the oak-opening growth ; not common, and reaching its greatest 

 development in the basin of the lower Ohio River. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth 

 strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays 

 thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; 

 if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra. 



274. Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. 



Black Oak. Telloiv-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. 



Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and southern Minne- 

 sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south 

 to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. 



A large tree, 06 to 48 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 

 metres in diameter ; generally on dry or gravelly uplands ; very common. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check 

 in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large 

 open ducts ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much 

 lighter ; somewhat used in cooperage and for construction, etc. 



The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark 

 yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the 

 form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage. 



275. Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry. 

 Black Oak. 



Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south through the Coast 

 Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San 

 Bernardino Mountains to the southern borders of California. 



A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 

 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most 

 common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the 

 California Sierras. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers 

 of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary 

 rays few, broad, conspicuous ; color light red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; 

 of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. 



276. Quercus nigra, L. 



Black Jack. Jack Oak. 



Long Island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana 

 to southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern 



