Betula. BETULACE^E. 95 



susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; 

 color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light 

 red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, 

 shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., ami for fuel. 



292. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. 



Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. 



Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and lower 

 Ottawa Rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota, 

 south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains 

 to western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and 

 Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. 



A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.G0 metre 

 in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching its 

 greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common. 



Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, 

 susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; 

 medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, or, 

 like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of 

 tools, etc. 



293. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. 



Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood. 



Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian 

 Bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to 

 Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity 

 River, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the 

 Poteau River, Indian Territory. 



A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.G0 to 

 0.90 metre in diameter, or at the North much smaller and often reduced 

 to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most 

 common ami reaching its greatest development along the western slopes 

 of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in southern Arkansas and 

 eastern Texas. 



Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in 

 drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the thick sap- 

 wood nearly white ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc. 



BETULACE^E. 



294. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. 



Wliite Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch. 



New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to 

 the southern shores of Lake Ontario, south, generally near the x-oast, 

 to northern Delaware. \$.^ ~OL 



i £ 



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