186 PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 



Prestwich, Prof. Joseph. On the Origin of the Chesil Bank, and 

 on the Relation of the existing Beaches to past Geological Changes 

 independent of the present Coast Action. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng, 

 vol. xl. pp. 61-79 ; Discussion, pp. 80-114, map and sections. 



The general opinion is that the pebbles forming the Chesil Bank have 

 been derived from rocks to the west, and that they have travelled up 

 the Channel along the existing coast to their present position. The 

 author contends that this is not the case, and endeavours to show that 

 the prevailing winds could not transpoit the shingle in the direction 

 required. He then draws attention to the raised beach at Portland 

 Bill, and gives reasons for believing that this is but a remnant of a 

 line of shingle which once stretched across Lyme Bay, from Hopes Nose 

 to Portland Bill. Other traces of this old beach are still to be found on 

 the bed of the sea. This old beach was derived by ordinary coast 

 action from rocks to the west. Since the beach occupied this position 

 the land has been denuded ; and the existing beach is formed of pebbles 

 of the old beach thrown up by the waves. The author believes that 

 such travelling of shingle as takes place on the bank is from S.E. to 

 N."W., the smaller pebbles at the N.W. end having travelled furthest. 

 The sea passed for a time between Portland and Weymouth ; and the 

 Pleet is merely a portion of the old shore-line dammed by the growth 

 of the Chesil Bank. In the discussion there is much information as to 

 the movement of the shingle on other parts of the English coast. W. T. 



Probst, — . Erorterungcn iiberden Zusammenhang der climatischen 

 Zustiinde der letzten drei Erdperioden. [Climate of the three last 

 Geological Periods.] Jahresheft Ver. Nat. Wurtt. Bd. xzxi. p. 85. 



Reade, T. M. Wind Denudation. — Eolites. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. 



ii. pp. 587, 588. 

 Describes the denudation of sand by wind at Blundellsands. Pieces 

 of shell, &c. protect the sand ; and the parts so protected stand out like 

 small earth pillars. W. T. 



. Speculation on the probable Distribution of Land and Sea 



during the Deposition of the Marine Boulder Clay and Sands. 

 Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. iii. part i. pp. 35-52. 



Explains the presence of the southern forms Venus chione^ Cardium 

 rusticum, C. aculeatum, and Area lactea, associated with the Arctic 

 forms in the Lancashire Drifts, as evidence of the extremes of cold and 

 heat peculiar to a low latitude under glacial conditions. The American 

 representatives of the Lusitanian Province intermingle with the Arctic 

 forms at Cape Cod in lat. 42°, or 11° further S. than Liverpool. Arctic 

 currents cause the whole of Labrador to be within the area of permanent 

 ground frost, and produce a mean deficit of 13° of annual temperature 

 over the normal climate due to the latitude. The author thinks that 

 the Bridlington Beds are older and indicate more glacial conditions than 

 do those of Lancashire and the Clyde ; and further believes that while 

 the E. coast of Britain was first submerged beneath the glacial sea, 

 the W. coast was still subaerial, and that there is a break in time 



