CONTENTS. xxitt 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



SCIENCE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (CONTINUED). 



PAGB 



Birth of Modern Chemistry Discovery of ' Fixed Air,' or Car- 

 bonic Acid, by Black and Bergmann Working out of 'Che- 

 mical Affinity ' by Bergmann He tests Mineral Waters, and 

 proves ' Fixed Air ' to be an Acid Discovery of Hydrogen by 

 Cavendish He investigates the Composition of Water Oxy- 

 gen discovered by Priestley and Scheele- Priestley's Experi- 

 ments He fails to see the true bearing of his Discovery His 

 Political Troubles and Death Nitrogen described by Dr. 

 Rutherford Lavoisier lays the Foundation of Modern Chem- 

 istry He destroys the Theory of * Phlogiston ' by proving that 

 Combustion and Respiration take up a Gas out of the Air 

 Discovers the Composition of Carbonic Acid and the nature 

 of the Diamond French School of Chemistry Death of 

 Lavoisier .......... 224 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



SCIENCE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (CONTINUED). 



Doctrine of Latent Heat, taught by Dr. Black in 1760 Water 

 containing Ice remains always at o C., and Boiling Water at 

 1 00 C., however much Heat is added Black showed that 

 the lost Heat is absorbed in altering the condition of the Water 

 Watt's Application of the Theory of Latent Heat to the 

 Steam-engine Early History of Steam-engines Newcomen's 

 Engine Watt invents the Separate Condenser Diagram of 

 Watt's Engine Difficulties of W T att and Boulton in introduc- 

 ing Steam-engines ........ 240 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



SCIENCE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (CONTINUED). 



Benjamin Franklin born, 1706 His Early Life Du Faye dis- 

 covers two kinds of Electricity Franklin proves that Elec- 

 tricity exists in all Bodies, and is only developed by Friction 



