138 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. PT. TIT. 



is damp, and serve for taking in and giving out air and 

 moisture. To see these you must take a very thin piece of 

 the skin of the under part of the leaf, and place it in water 

 under the microscope ; you will see a 

 number of very small roundish or oval 

 spaces (<?, Fig. 24), and if you watch 

 carefully you will most likely see some 

 of them open in the water. Grew dis- 

 covered these stomates and pointed out 

 their use. He also studied very care- 

 FlG - ** fully the way in which seeds begin to 



Piece of the outer skin . .- ,.,.,.-, 



taken from the under- SprOUt ; DUt On thlS point Malplghl did 

 side of an apple leaf. . . i j i 



a a, stomates. b, Cells the most, for he watched under the 



of the skin (Carpenter). . 111 /- i 



microscope the whole process of the 

 growth of seeds, and described all the different states 

 of the germ, comparing them to the growth of a chicken in 

 the egg, and showing how much an egg and a seed resemble 

 each other in many particulars. 



By these few examples you can form an idea how much 

 Grew and Malpighi did towards the study of the structure 

 of plants or Vegetable Anatomy, a science which they may 

 almost be said to have founded, and one which you may 

 work at yourself with the help of a fairly good microscope 

 and an elementary book on Botany. If you will do this 

 with patience and care you will be well repaid ; for some of 

 the most beautiful and delicate of the contrivances of Nature 

 lie hid in those frail flowers which we gather for their scent 

 and beauty, and fling away without imagining what wonder- 

 ful structures they can reveal to us even when dead and 

 withered. 



Classification of Plants and Animals by Ray and 

 Willughby, 1693-17O5. We now come to the history of 

 two friends, which is in itself a pleasure to dwell upon, even 



