I 4 o SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. PT. ni. 



received the . same honour. Willughby now married, and 

 though Ray continued his travels alone, yet a great part of 

 his time was spent at Middleton Hall, where the two friends 

 made experiments upon sap in the trees and the way it 

 flows. 



In this way they worked together till, in 1672, Mr. 

 Willughby died of a fever, leaving a sum of sixty pounds a 

 year to Ray, and begging him to bring up his two little sons 

 and to continue his works on Zoology, which he had left un- 

 finished. The way in which Ray fulfilled these requests fully 

 showed the affection which he felt for his lost friend. He 

 brought up the boys till they 'were removed from his care by 

 relations ; and as to the works, he edited them with so much 

 -care and such a touching desire to give every credit to 

 Willughby, that much of the work which must have been 

 Ray's stands in his friend's name, and in fame, as in life, it 

 is impossible to separate them. 



We can only form a very general idea of the kind of 

 classifications which Ray and Willughby adopted, for a mere 

 list of classes would be neither interesting nor useful. The 

 first book, which was on Quadrupeds , was published by Ray 

 in 1693. He divided these first, as Aristotle had done, 

 into oviparous^ or those that are born from eggs, like frogs 

 and lizards ; and viviparous, or those which are born alive, 

 like lambs and kittens. He then divided the viviparous 

 quadrupeds into those which have the hoof all in one piece, 

 like the horse, and those with a split hoof, like the ox and 

 goat. Those with split hoofs he divided again according as 

 they chewed the cud like the ox, or did not like the pig. 

 Then came the animals whose hoofs are split into many 

 parts, as the hippopotamus and rhinoceros ; then those which 

 have nails only in place of toes, as the elephant ; then those 

 which have toes but no separation between the fourth and 



