CH. xxvi. GEOLOGY. 215 



now be seen in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge. 

 Next we find our own scientific men Hooke, the naturalist 

 Ray, and a famous geologist Dr. Woodward speculating why 

 the earth's crust is made up of different layers, one above 

 another, with different fossils in each ; while Ray pointed 

 out that a flood could not lay the fossil remains in great 

 beds in particular places as they are found ; but that there 

 is every proof that the animals must have lived there for 

 many succeeding generations. Woodward (1695) also made 

 a careful collection of specimens of chalk, gravel, coal, 

 marble, and other rocks, together with the fossils which he 

 found in them ; these are also in the Cambridge Museum. 

 But all these men, though they did good work, still held 

 many erroneous notions about the way in which the crust 

 of the earth had been formed. 



The first geologists who gave any real explanation of the 

 facts were Vallisneri and his friend Lazzaro Moro, an Italian, 

 born at Friuli in Lombardy, in 1687. Moro pointed out, 

 as Woodward had done before him, that the different strata 

 lie in a certain order one above the other, and that within 

 them are imprisoned fossil fishes, shells, corals, and plants, 

 in all countries, and at all heights above the sea. The 

 rocks, said Moro, writing in 1740, must have been soft] 

 when these fossils were buried in them, and some must have 

 been deposited by rivers, because they contain fresh-water 

 animals and plants ; while others contain only marine fossils, 

 and must have been laid down under the sea. It is clear, 

 then, that they must all have been formed in lakes or seas, 

 and have been raised up by earthquakes, or thrown out by 

 volcanoes, such as we see taking place from time to time in 

 the world now. This explanation, though rough, was true, 

 and Moro deserves to be remembered as one of the first men 

 who led the way towards a true study of the earth. Aftei 



