5 o8 



INDEX. 



SMITH 



Smith, William, surveys England, 221 

 Snails, regrowth of parts in, 201 

 Snellius discovers law of refraction, 104 

 Soap-bubble, Newton on the, 166 ; cause 



of colours on the, 320 

 Soda, composition of, 403 

 Sodium discovered by Davy, 393 ; power 



of, to decompose water, 403 ; spectrum 



of, 337 ; Kirchhoff's experiments with 



vapcair of, 340 



Soho, manufactory of engines at, 250 

 Soil, substances taken from, by plants, 



*93 



Solar spectrum, dark lines in, 338 ; system, 

 motion of through space, 285 



Solstices observed by Thales, 9 



Sound, Newton on, i65 ; light compared 

 to, 175 ; Pythagoras on, 12 ; Galileo on 

 musical, 80 ; Newton on transmission of, 

 166 ; Sauveur and Chladni on musical, 

 263-274 



Spallanzani on regrowth of severed limbs, 



2OI 



Specific gravity first measured by Archi- 

 medes, 23 



Specific names given by Linnaeus, 207 

 Spectra, table of, 335 

 Spectroscope, movement of stars studied 



by, 346 

 Spectrum studied by Newton, 162 ; dark 



lines on the, 338 ; theT cause explained, 



340; of gases and solids, 337 

 Spectrum analysis, history of, 333 347 ; 



metals discovered by, 338 ; of sunlight, 



339 ; of stars, of comets, and nebulae, 344 ; 



of meteors, 345 ; use of, in chemistry, 



398 



Spencer, Herbert, on evolution, 479 

 Spirit, Arabian name for gas, 42 

 Spirits of wine made by Geber, 44 

 Spots on the sun, periodicity of, 379 

 Sprengel on insects and plants, 415 

 Stahl on phlogiston, 133 

 Star, morning and evening, n ; -clusters 



and nebulae, Sir W. Herschel on, 281 

 Stars, binary, 283 ; spectrum analysis of 



the, 344 ; movement of, 346 

 Statics, Stevinus on, 80 

 Steam, condensation of, 248 ; latent heat 



of, 242 

 Steam-engine, history of the, 244; New- 



cpmen's, 245 ; Watt's, 249 

 Steinhill on electric telegraph, 383 ; on 



earth acting as return wire, 385 

 Steno on fossils in the earth's crust, 214 

 .Stereoscope, Sir J. Herschel on the, 335 

 Stevinus on statics, 80 ^ 

 Stewart, Balfour, cited, 338, 343 

 Stokes, Professor, on dark lines in solar 



spectrum, 338 



Stomachs of animals, peculiarities of, 199 

 Stone tools of lake-dwellings, 454 



TOURNEFORT 



Stoney on size of molecule, 364 

 Strabo on earthquakes and volcanoes, 33 

 Strata of England mapped by W. Smith, 221 

 Striae caused by glaciers, 449 

 Strings, laws of vibration in musical, 266 

 Sublimation described by Geber, 44 

 Sulphuric acid made by Geber, 45 

 Summary of science of sixteenth century, 

 80 ; of seventeenth century, 182 ; of 

 eighteenth century, 289 

 Sun, experiment to explain the movement 

 of the earth round the, 19; seen after 

 setting by means of refraction, 48 ; ro- 

 tation on its axis proved by Galileo, 90; 

 his distance 108 times his diameter, 155 ; 

 method of measuring the diameter, iss 

 distance from the earth, 158 ; holds the 

 planets round it by gravitation, 148 ; 

 meteors falling into, 310 ; atmosphere of 

 vapours surrounding the, 341 

 Sun-dial invented by Anaximander. 10 

 Sun-spots seen by Galileo and Harriot, 90 ; 

 Sir W. Herschel on cause of, 379 ; 

 Schwabe on periodicity of, 379 ; their 

 connection with magnetic currents, 380 

 Switzerland, glaciers of, 448 ; lake-dwell- 



ings of, 454 . 

 Syene, earths circumference measured 



from, 29 



Syntaxis of Ptolemy, 32 

 Svnthesis, term explained, 399 

 ' System of the World,' by Galileo, 91 

 'Systema Naturae' published, 210 



TALBOT, Fox, on spectra of flames, 

 338 



Telegraph. See electric telegraph 

 Telephone, description of, 387 

 Telescope, Roger Bacon's idea of, 52 ; in- 

 vention of the, 87; Galileo's, 89; Kepler's, 

 97 ; achromatic, 169 ; largest refracting 

 and reflecting, 310 

 Tessier, Abbe, meets Cuvier, 427 

 Tests, Bergmann on chemical, 229 

 Thales, science of, 8 

 Thallium discovered, 338 

 Theophrastus the first botanist, 17 

 ' Theory of the Earth ' published, 218 

 Thermo-electricity, discovery of, 378 

 Thermometer, invention of the, 118 

 Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford 

 Thomson, Dr., on Daltpn's theory, 404 

 Thomson, Sir W., on dissipation of energy 

 360 ; on size and vibration of molecules, 

 364 ; cited, 338 



Thoracic duct, Pecquet on the use of, 112 

 Tides, Newton on cause of, 152 

 Torricelli on weight of atmosphere, 114' 



invents barometer, 116 

 Torricellian vacuum, 118 

 Tournefort's classification of plants. 143 



