TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii 



CHAPTER XVI 



PAOE 



SOME ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE NINETEENTH CEN- 

 TURY. ENERGY AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY . . 348 



Modern Physics Heat, Thermometry : Carnot, Rumford 

 Light; Wave Theory, Velocity: Young, Fresnel The Spec- 

 troscope and Spectrum Analysis Electricity and Magnetism : 

 Faraday, Green, Ampere, Maxwell Electromagnetic Theory 

 of Light Kinetic Theory of Gases: Clausius The Concep- 

 tion of Energy Dissipation of Energy Modern Chemistry 



Chemical Laboratories : Liebig Quantitative Relations ; 

 Atoms, Molecules, Valence Synthesis of Organic Substances 



A Periodic Law among the Elements Chemical Structure 



Physical Chemistry; Electrolytic and Thermodynamic De- 

 velopments of Chemistry. 



CHAPTER XVII 



SOME ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE NINETEENTH CEN- 

 TURY. COSMOGONY AND EVOLUTION 366 



Influence of Eighteenth Century Revolutions The Scientific 

 Revolution Effects of the Rapid Increase of Knowledge 

 Gradual Appreciation of the Permanence and Scope of Natural 

 Law Natural Theology and an Age of Reason Natural Phi- 

 losophy and Natural History ; Differentiation and Hybridizing 

 of the Sciences Progress in Zoology Progress in Botany 

 Progress in Microscopy; the Achromatic Objective Embry- 

 ology Progress in Physiology : Johannes Miiller ; Claude Ber- 

 nard Pathology before Pasteur The Germ Theory of 

 Fermentation, Putrefaction and Disease : Pasteur Antiseptic 

 and Aseptic Surgery : Lister Rise of Bacteriology and Para- 

 sitology Biogenesis versus Spontaneous Generation Prog- 

 ress of Geological Science Glaciers and Glacial Theories 

 Rise of Palaeontology Ancient and Modern Theories of Cos- 

 mogony Relationship of the Heavens and the Earth The 

 Scale of Life and the Phases of Life General Resemblance of 

 Man to the Lower Animals Anatomical and Microscopical 

 Similarity of Animals and Plants ; Organs, Tissues, Cells and 

 Protoplasms Fundamental Unity of Nature; Organic versus 

 Inorganic World Treviranus' Biology and Lamarck's Zoologi- 

 cal Philosophy Voyages and Explorations of Naturalists 

 Darwin's Origin of Species His Descent of Man Decline 

 of the Theory of Special Creation Influence of an Age of 

 Invention and Industry Science in the Dawn of the Twen- 

 tieth Century. 



