10 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 



Eggs. Clutch, two ; dull white, surface smooth ; axis 55-57.5, diameter 

 42.54-3. 



Breeding -season. September to January. 



Distribution and forms. Throughout New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, 

 and as far north as the Solitary Islands, New South Wales, in Australia, and westwards 

 along the south coast to Cape Leeuwin, West Australia. Five subspecies have been 

 distinguished : E. m. minor (Forster) from New Zealand ; E. m. iredalei Mathews 

 from the Chatham Islands, by its shorter, thicker bill and darker coloration ; E. m. 

 novcehollandice (Stephens) by its larger size, longer bill and greyer coloration ; 

 E. m. undina (Gould) by its small size and weaker bill and purer blue-grey coloration ; 

 and E. m. woodwardi Mathews by its grey -blue coloration and grey flipper. 

 Recently Alexander and Nicholls (Emu, XVIII., p. 50, 1918), following Nicholls 

 (Emu, XVII., p. 118, 1918) have concluded that all the Australian birds should be 

 referred to one subspecies. From their figures, however, it is indicated that E. m. 

 novcehollandice (Stephens) will again prove acceptable on account of its larger bill 

 (probably also larger size and paler coloration), and also E. m. woodwardi Mathews 

 on its greyer coloration and also slightly larger size, as to bill, etc., when longer series 

 of these are studied. 



Genus EUDYPTES. 



Eudyptes Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith., p. 67, April 14th, 1818. Endyptes, p. 67 = Eudyptes, 



p. 70. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, p. 77, 1840) : Catarrhactes chrysocome 



Auct. = Gorfou sauteur Buffon (? = Eudyptes nigrivestis Gray). 



Catarrhactes Cuvier, Le Rdgne Anim., Vol. I., p. 513, [1817 = ] Dec. 7th, 1816. Type (by 



monotypy) : Apt. chrysocome Gm.= Gorfou sauteur Buffon. 



Chrysocoma Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., Vol. XIII., pt. i. t p. 57, Feb. 18th, 1826. Type 



(by subsequent designation) : C. saltator Stephens = Gorfou sauteur Buffon. 



Qeopega Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., Vol. I., pt. n., tab. A, 1828. New name for (Gorfou 



Cuv. = ) Catarrhactes Cuvier (cf. Austral Av. Rec., Vol. II., pts. 2 and 3, p. 42, Oct. 23rd, 1913). 



Microdyptes Milne -Ed wards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), Ser. VI., Vol. IX., Art. 9, p. 58, (prob. 



after June) 1880. Type (by monotypy) : Eudyptula serresiana Oustalet. 



Penguinus Mathews, Nov. Zool., Vol. XVII., p. 495, Dec. 15th, 1910 (ex Brunnich, Zool. Fund., 



p. 78, 1771). Type (by original designation): Ph. demersus Linne, i.e., Auct. = Eudyptes 



pachyrhynchus Gray. 



Catarractes Auct., not Catarractes Brisson, which is indeterminable. 



Large crested Penguins with short stout bills, medium flippers, long tail, and 

 stout feet. The bill is short and very stout, the latericorn laterally expanded. The 

 oulmen has the ridge flattened and the tip is hooked, while the nostrils are obsolete, 

 but the nasal groove prominent. The lower mandible is very strong and the gape 

 is comparatively short ; the interramal space very small and feathered. A long 

 crest is formed on each side of the head above the eyes, in some cases the feathers of 

 the top of the head also elongated. The flipper is fairly long and narrow. The tail 

 is composed of sixteen very narrow feathers in a very pointed wedge, the feathers 

 flattened with the lower surface of the shaft excavate. The feet are typical. 



Coloration blue above and white below with a dark throat and yellow crest. 



5. Eudyptes pachyrhynchus. BIG-CRESTED PENGUIN. 



Gould, Vol. VII., pi. 83 (pt. xxxii.), Sept. 1st, 1848. Mathews, Vol. I., pt. 5, pi. 65, Oct. 

 31st, 1911. 



Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Birds, pt. 2, p. 17, Oct. 1845 : Waiko- 

 waiti, South Island, New Zealand. 



DISTRIBUTION. Straggler to Tasmania, Victoria (?) and West Australia (?) 



Adult male. General colour of the upper-surface dark bluish-grey ; a line of 

 yellow feathers from the lores over the eye, where it is elongated into a crest on the 



