168 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 



The characters arc as in Cirrepidesmus, but the long powerful bill, which is 

 longer than the middle toe and claw, at once characterises this genus. Theculmen 

 is almost half the length of the tail and two-thirds the length of the tarsus, which 

 is more than one-fourth the length of the wing. These proportions are exactly 

 opposite to those of Cirrepidesmus. The wing is long and pointed with first 

 primary longest and the tail is short and square. The tarsus is covered throughout 

 with hexagonal scales, smaller behind. 



116. Pagoa leschenaultii. LARGE SAND-DOTTEREL. 



Gould, Vol. VI., pi. 19 (pt. xxiv.), Sept. 1st, 1846 (large fig.). Mathews, Vol. III., pt. 1, pi. 

 136, April 2nd, 1913. 



Charadrius leschenaultii'Lesson, Diet. Sci. Nat. (Levrault), Vol. XLII., p. 36, Sept. 23rd, 1826 : 



Pondicherry, India. 



Charadrius geoffroyiWagier, Syst. Av. Charadr., sp. 19, p. (61), Oct. 1827 : " InPondichery," 



India. 



Charadrius columbinus Wagler, Isis, 1829, heft 6, col. 650, June (ex Hempr. und Ehrenb. MS.) : 



Arabia. 



Charadrius rufinus Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII., pp. 169, 231, (Sept. 1st) 1843 : 



India. 



JEgialitis gigas Brehm, Vollstandige Vogelfang, p. 283, (pref. Nov. 8th, 1854) 1855 : Suez 



to East Europe. 



Charadrius columboides " Reich." Gray. Handl. Gen. Sp. Birds B.M., pt. in., p. 14, (pref. July 



8th ) 1 87 1 . In synonymy of C. geoffroyi Wagler. 



Eudromias crassirostris Severtzoff, Bull. Soc. Moscow, Vol. VIII., livr. 2 [Turkest Jevotnie.], 



p. 146, 1873 : Fort Peroffsky, Turkestan. 



Eudromias magnirostris Severtzoff, Journ. fur Ornith., 1875, pt. 2, p. 183 (April). ? Error 



for preceding. 



Pagoa zanda Mathews, Emu, Vol. XVI., p. 35, July 1st, 1916 : Point Torment, North-west 



Australia. 



DISTRIBUTION. Winter visitor to Australia, breeding in the northern hemisphere. 



Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above pale brown, the feathers 

 everywhere showing black shaft-streaks, with a wash of cinnamon-rufous on the 

 upper back and scapulars ; greater coverts brown margined and tipped with white ; 

 median coverts grey ; lesser coverts dark brown fringed with white at the tips like 

 the primary -co verts ; primary-quills dark brown, inner webs fringed with white 

 towards the base, shaft of the first primary white, the four following white only 

 towards the tips, the remaining primaries white on the outer web and fringed with 

 white at the tips ; secondaries brown on the outer webs, fringed with white at the 

 tip, some of the inner ones white on the outer web and pale grey on the inner one, 

 the long innermost secondaries like the back ; upper tail-coverts grey, tipped with 

 white ; middle tail-feathers dark brown fringed with white at the tips becoming 

 paler on the outer feathers, the outermost pair being almost pure white with an 

 obsolete spot of grey near the tip ; crown of head, hind-neck, and a narrow collar 

 round the fore-neck cinnamon -rufous, which extends more or less on to the sides of 

 the upper-breast ; lores and a line across the fore-head black fringed with white ; 

 a black spot below the eye ; ear -coverts dark brown streaked with white ; middle 

 of crown darker than the hind-neck and inclining to grey ; fore-head, throat, and 

 the remainder of the under-surface white including the under wing-coverts, axillaries, 

 and under tail -co verts ; bill black ; iris brown ; tarsi light brown ; feet darker 

 brown. Total length 230 mm. ; culmen 25, wing 140, tail 55, tarsus 37. 



Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in nuptial -dress, but 

 the characters everywhere less pronounced ; the black on the lores, fore-head, and 

 under the eye being absent, the ear-coverts rufous-brown, and the middle of the 

 crown more grey. 



Adult in winter-plumage. Differs from the breeding-plumage in the entire 

 absence of cinnamon-rufous on the head, hind-neck, and collar on the fore-neck ; 



