176 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 



Charadrius gallinaceus Wagler, Syst. Av., Charadr., sp. 50, p. (75), Oct. 1827, ex Temminclc 



MS. : " Timor" errore = New South Wales. 



Lobibyx novcehollandice gracemeri Mathews, Austral Av. Rec., Vol. II., pt. 7, p. 126, Jan. 28th, 



1915 : Gracemere, Queensland. 



DISTRIBUTION. East Australia, Tasmania, South Australia. 



Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wings olive-brown, becoming paler and 

 inclining to ash colour on the outer wing-coverts ; the wing with the first three 

 primaries subequal, the first probably the longest ; outer, median, and primary- 

 coverts black as also the primary -quills ; the latter brown at the tips and paler on 

 the inner web at the base of inner primaries ; secondaries for the most part black 

 with grey at the base and white on the inner web, the grey and white increasing in 

 extent on the inner ones, two of which are edged with white at the tip ; the inner- 

 most secondaries like the back ; tail white with a subterminal broad black band, 

 and white or greyish-brown tips ; head, hind-neck and a collar skirting the upper 

 mantle black like the patch on the sides of the breast ; throat, cheeks and sides of 

 neck white like the entire under-surface, including the under wing-coverts, axillaries, 

 and under tail-coverts ; bill, wattles, and iris canary-yellow ; feet and legs very 

 dark crimson ; spurs canary -yellow with black tips. Total length 360 mm. ; culmen 

 34, wing 245, tail 107, tarsus 81. 



Adult female. Similar to the adult male, second and third primaries equal 

 and longest, the first equal to the fourth. 



Immature. With pale tips to feathers of upper-surface. 



Nestling in down. General colour of the upper-surface buff, mottled with 

 black ; wings broadly lined with buffy-white ; fore-head ochreous-buff ; a black 

 line over the eye, which widens into a band on the upper hind-neck, this being 

 followed by a white collar which extends in a narrow line on to the cheeks ; throat 

 and under-surface dull -white, becoming tinged with buff on the under tail and 

 thighs ; hinder portion of the thighs lined with black ; a yellow wattle above and 

 in front of the eye. Iris dull blue ; bill and feet slaty -blue, the lower mandible 

 pale flesh colour. 



Nest. A depression in the ground. 



Eggs. Clutch, three to four ; ground-colour green, heavily blotched with 

 spots of dark purple-brown and lavender ; axis 60-54 mm., diameter 36 to 

 36.5. 



Breeding-season. July to January. 



Distribution and forms. Confined to East and South Australia and Tasmania, 

 ranging northwards to mid -Queensland only. Mathews has named a northern 

 race L. n. gracemeri as being smaller and paler and this may be accepted, as the 

 representative species L. miles (Boddaert) of the extreme north and north-west 

 is a smaller bird. 



Genus ZONIFER. 



Zonifer Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., Vol. XXIV., pp. 145, 154, (pref. July 10th) 1896. Type 



(by original designation) : Charadrius tricolor Vieillot. 



Sarciophortts Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. Vogel, p. xvm., 1852 (? 1853). Type (by original 



designation) : C. pectoralis Wagler = C. tricolor Vieillot. 



Not of Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. (Lond.), p 32, 1841, Oct. 



Large Lapwings with short bills, long wings, no spurs, small facial wattle, 

 short legs and small feet with no hind -toe. 



The bill is short (comparatively) and stouter than in the preceding genus ; 

 in front of the eye is a small oval flesh lappet but no pendant wattle. Wings long, 

 with the first three primaries subequal ; only a blunt knob on the bend of the wing. 

 Tail square, with broad feathers, less than half the length of the wing. 



