SUPPLY 43 



mies of sanitation. They should be avoided wherever possible. 

 The gravity system of conveying milk should be used in pref- 

 erence to the pumping system. Milk pipes should be short and 

 accessible ; all vats sould be of sanitary construction ; wooden 

 jackets should not be tolerated ; all seams in the vats and ket- 

 tles should be well flushed with solder; milk pumps should be 

 brass lined; all milk pipes should be of black iron pipe made 

 smooth on the inside by sandblasting, or of galvanized iron or 

 copper heavily tinned over on the inside: long lines of milk 

 pipes should be equipped with unions at short distances ; crosses 

 or sanitary couplings should be used in place of elbows, in 

 order to render all sections of the milk pipes easily accessible 

 to flue brushes. 



CHAPTER III. 

 MILK SUPPLY. 



Basis of Buying Milk. The prices which the condensery 

 pays the patrons are not usually governed by any board of trade. 

 They do- not even necessarily follow the quotations of the but- 

 ter and cheese market, though they naturally bear a more or less 

 definite relation to them. In normal times condensery prices 

 average from about twenty to fifty cents higher per hundred 

 pounds of milk than those paid by creameries and cheese fac- 

 tories. 



The relation between condensery prices on the one hand 

 and creamery and cheese factory prices on the other, varies prin- 

 cipally with the market demand for the finished product and, 

 the season of the year. 



The greater the demand and the brisker the market for 

 condensed milk, the greater usually is the difference in price 

 for whole milk. Thus, during the war the export demand for 

 condensed milk was very great. This resulted in an extreme 

 rise of prices which condenseries offered for milk over those 

 paid by creameries and cheese factories, at least in so far as 

 exportation was not too greatly limited by shortage in shipping 

 facilities. 



It is customary for the condenseries to pay the highest dif- 

 ferential over and above creamery and cheese factory prices in 



