278 MILK AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH CHAP. 



varies considerably. The chief types are shown in diagram 

 form in Fig. 22. The commonest type in the writer's experi- 

 ence is type A, either in its single form A l or the double byre 

 A 2 . It is the cheapest form to construct. The mangers are 

 quite close to the wall, and there is not free ventilation round 

 the heads of the cows. From this point of view it is un- 

 desirable, and a feeding-passage in front of the cows' heads, as 

 in type B (B L and B 2 ), is a great improvement. Type C, in 

 which the cows face and breathe the air vitiated from each 

 other, is undesirable. Cowsheds open along one side are 

 usually similar to type D when properly constructed, but 

 even for these partly open sheds a feeding-passage in front 

 of the cows is very desirable. 



It is usually considered sufficient for the stalls to be about 

 3^ feet wide for each cow. It is by no means an advantage 

 to allow a wide lateral space for each cow, as the animals are 

 then apt to lie crosswise, and in this way foul one another 

 with their excretions. The drainage should pass along the 

 grip and discharge outside the shed over a trapped gully. It 

 should be conducted to a properly constructed water-tight 

 covered cesspool of not too large dimensions, and situated a 

 reasonable distance from the cowshed. This should be 

 periodically emptied over the land. 



The manure and fouled litter should be removed a reason- 

 able distance from the cowshed. Their decay and maturition, 

 however necessary to the farmer, are not beneficial to the cow. 

 The best arrangement, and one which the writer has seen in 

 use in several instances, is to put the manure at once into a 

 little trolley running on rails, and run it into the deposit-pit 

 at a definite distance away from the cowshed. Such a means 

 of deposit is inexpensive to construct, and requires little 

 labour to use. A definite regulation is required, forbid- 

 ding under penalty the stacking of manure within 40 feet 

 of any cowshed or dairy. Farmers sometimes complain of 

 the plague of flies round the cows in the summer, and try to 

 mitigate it by shutting out the light and much of the ventila- 

 tion from the hapless animals. Eemoval of the manure to a 

 reasonable distance is a much more rational procedure. 1 



1 Newstead (Fly Report, 1907, to the City of Liverpool) found no house-fly 

 larvae or pupae in middens containing cow-manure exclusively owing to the 



