ANIMAL HABITS. 81 



kennel, stable, byre, or market ; while it may be produced in 

 every homestead, even in every apartment of every man's 

 dwelling. 



No doubt there are certain subjects deserving of ob- 

 servation that are not open to everybody, that can, on the 

 contrary, be fitly studied by a very few persons, and these 

 highly qualified naturalists for instance, the mental en- 

 dowments or aptitudes of the anthropoid apes. To certain 

 classes only of the population, again, the following special 

 fields or facilities for observation are at command : 



1. Zoological gardens. 



2. Menageries. 



3. Annual or periodical animal shows, such as those now 

 so common in London and elsewhere, of horses, cattle, dogs, 

 cats, donkeys, poultry, pigeons, and song birds the ani- 

 mals exhibited belonging for the most part to the same 

 species. 



4. ' Happy families ' another form of peripatetic popu- 

 lar animal show, in which different genera and species 

 (frequently hereditary or natural enemies) are exhibited in 

 harmonious groups ; such as monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, mice, 

 and owls. 



5. Aquaria, marine and fresh-water. 



6. Apiaria, vespiaria, and formicaria of all kinds. 



7. Aviaries, dovecots, rookeries, and swanneries. 



Zoological gardens, and more especially travelling menage- 

 ries, offer the means of studying, for instance, the effects of 

 confinement and artificial existence on animals accustomed to 

 a free, active forest or campaign life in warmer climates 

 including the diseases, mental and bodily, that are created 

 or aggravated by such a change in the conditions of being ; 

 the alteration of instincts or habits, of character or dis- 

 position with circumstances including the development 

 of new instincts or habits, the loss of old ones, and the 'sub- 

 stitution of vices for virtues, and vice versa. They offer also 

 great opportunities not hitherto utilised for the sys- 

 tematic study of the range of mind in the various classes of 

 animals in the ascending or descending zoological scale. 

 Animal shows or exhibitions are both the causes and effects 



4 



