54 EVOLUTION OF MIND 



dread of one enemy, and a knowledge of its operations, with 

 ignorance, however, of the ruses of another more formidable 

 one. There must be an association of ideas, though an erro- 

 neous one an error of inference from, or interpretation of, 

 a sensation. There is, in short, an early illustration of the 

 fallibility of instinct. 



Dr. Strethill Wright, a very competent authority, 

 obviously ascribes intelligence to the female 8pio seticornis 

 when he says of her that she ' has all her senses about her.' 

 The emotion of fear and the realisation of danger are 

 common in crabs, lobsters, and other Crustacea. Mrs. Treat, 

 of New Jersey, saw a Cypris, an entomostracous crusta- 

 cean, * slowly walking round a bladder [of Utricularia 

 clandestine^, as if reconnoitring. . . . Coming to the 

 entrance of a bladder, it would sometimes pause a 

 moment and then dash away. At other times it would 

 come close up, and even venture part of the way into 

 the entrance, and back out as if afraid. Another, more heed- 

 less, would open the door and walk in. But it was no 

 sooner in than it manifested alarm drew in its feet and an- 

 tennae and closed its shell ' (Darwin). 



Will is involved in the opening and shutting of the cara- 

 pace of the common Cypris, while the search for food is 

 probably common to these and other minute aquatic animals 

 (Darwin), as it is even to the Protozoa. Bates and Gardner 

 assert that will, in the form of voluntary determinate action, 

 is displayed by certain Crustacea ; while Houzeau assigns 

 to them memory. There is perception of time also, as 

 illustrated by the observance of regular feeding hours 

 (Houzeau). 



Buckland describes fear and the sense of danger in crabs 

 in presence of the octopus in the Brighton Aquarium. Of 

 the amphibious crabs of St. Paul's Kocks Professor Sir Wyville 

 Thomson writes, ' They were much more wary than the birds. 

 It was by no means easy to catch them ; but they kept close 

 round the luncheon baskets in large parties, raised up on the 

 tips of their toes, with their eyes cocked up in an attitude of 

 the keenest observation. And whenever a morsel came within 

 their reach there was instantly a struggle for it among the 



