IN THE INVERTEBEATA. 65 



the satisfying of the craving for food. The use of means in 

 procuring coveted aliment, based upon a feeling of necessity 

 for food, is perhaps the earliest indication of mind in the 

 animal kingdom. Even here appetite becomes morbid, and 

 this morbid appetite sometimes assumes the form of canni- 

 balism. For instance, the male poulpe devours his own off- 

 spring, fondly as he behaves in general towards the eggs 

 and their mother. 



12. Formation, association, and communication of ideas, 

 and ideas even of a generalised kind, such as those pertaining 

 to danger. 



13. Imagination, especially connected with ideas of pos- 

 sible danger; apt to become as are sensation, conscious- 

 ness, ideation, emotion, volition (in short, all the faculties of 

 mind, lower or higher) perverted or deranged ; these morbid 

 states being the foreshadowing of the marked mental defect 

 or disorder insanity and idiocy that so frequently occur 

 among the higher of the Yertebrata. 



14. Character or disposition is sometimes so well marked 

 as to amount to individuality. Of individual disposition tem- 

 per is sometimes a prominent feature ; and there are already 

 those inconsistencies those puzzling contrasts, antagonisms, 

 and combinations of virtues and vices that are so common 

 among the higher Vertebrata, including man himself. Thus 

 in the male poulpe we have a strange mixture of masculine 

 virtues and vices the chivalrous defence of the female on 

 the one hand, and the selfish cannibalism of his own off- 

 spring on the other. 



15. Improvability, in so far as they profit by experience. 



16. Liability to error, including, however, the discovery 

 and rectification of mistakes. 



1 7. Simulation and other forms of deception. 



18. Use of a language, intelligible at least to all indi- 

 viduals of the same species; including also, however, intelligi- 

 bility of human language, in so far as concerns, for instance, 

 man's orders ; along with that of other genera and species in 

 case already given of Aphides and ants. 



19. Obedience to leaders or masters, including man in 

 other words, recognition of, by submission to, the authority 



