IN THE INVEKTEBRATA. 67 



b. Chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli 

 or irritants. 



29. Distinct conceptions of the nature and nearness of 

 danger, including a very decided recognition of enemies, and 

 its results in the various means adopted for concealment or 

 escape from or deception of them. 



30. Self-control, involving firmness and coolness in emer- 

 gency. 



31. Certain conservative vices, such as selfishness, a 

 careful and constant regard to their own physical interests, 

 with pugnacity or combativeness. 



32. Certain virtues, such as courage, pertinacity, or re- 

 solute perseverance. 



33. Judgment in the selection of one of several alternative 

 modes of escaping from enemies, avoiding danger, securing 

 food. 



34. Appreciation of kindness, as illustrated by recognition 

 of and attachment to their masters or keepers by the octopus 

 (Kollmann), wasp (Lubbock), and butterflies. 



35. Actuation by adequate motive. 



If, now, we compare one subkingdom of the Invertebrata 

 with another, as to their psychical characteristics, it may be 

 said that there is a sort of evolution or development of mind 

 as we pass upwards from the Protozoa to the Mollusca. There 

 are, however, many striking irregularities or exceptions, or 

 what at present appear to be so. Thus, while there can be 

 no doubt as to the superior development of mind in the 

 Annulosa as compared with any of the three subkingdoms 

 below it, the true ants, which belong to the class Insecta of 

 the Annulosa, with their allies the white ants, bees, and 

 wasps occupy a much higher place, intellectually and 

 morally, than any of the classes of the Mellusca, than most 

 of the Mammalia, and, according to some authors, even than 

 certain races of man himself. But it is probable that this 

 pre-eminence will be diminished in proportion as we become 

 better acquainted with the habits of other classes of the 

 lower animals. 



A contrast between the psychical powers of ants, bees, 

 and wasps, on the one hand, and of other families of the 



