CHAPTER Vn. 



EVOLUTION OF MIND. 



II. The Vertebrata. 



AMONG the Vertebrata, as a whole, there is a much greater 

 variety and number of mental faculties the psychical 

 character is more diversified and more developed than in 

 the Invertebrata. There are certain anomalies, however, 

 due, perhaps, to our present defective knowledge, consti- 

 tuting as in the different subkingdoms of the Invertebrata 

 apparent or real exceptions to, or irregularities in, the 

 evolution of mind as we ascend in the zoological scale. 



It would be an unnecessary waste of space to describe at 

 any length, or in any detail, the psychical characteristics of 

 the various classes, orders, or genera of the Vertebrata. All 

 that can or need be here attempted is to set forth, as much 

 as possible tabularly or concisely, those features intellectual 

 or moral which constitute an advance on the psychical 

 character of the Invertebrata. 



In the lowest class, then, of the Vertebrata the Pisces, 

 or fish though there is a wide range of psychical character, 

 there is little if any advance compared with certain classes, 

 and particularly with certain genera and species, of the 

 Invertebrata. Most of their mental characteristics have 

 been met with among the Invertebrata. But many of these 

 characteristics are, among fishes, more highly developed ; or 

 at least appear to be so, possibly from our better acquaint- 

 ance with their habits, due to our greater opportunities of 

 studying them, as well as from the usually greater size and 

 conspicuousness of the animals themselves, and the facility 

 with which their behaviour especially in captivity may 



