74 EVOLUTION OF MIND 



only because of its high general intelligence, but also because 

 of its power of speech, whereby it can, intelligibly to man, ex- 

 press its ideas and feelings. In this respect, indeed, it ranks 

 next to man himself, above the dog and the anthropoid apes. 

 Tor similar reasons a prominent place must also be given to 

 such birds as the starling and magpie, belonging to the In- 

 sessores or Passeres, the Sturnidce and the Corvidce. On the 

 other hand, there are certain birds that have long enjoyed 

 an unenviable reputation for stupidity to wit, the booby, 

 noddy, goose, and guillemot, all among the Natatores. 

 Whether or how far they, in common with certain Mammals, 

 deserve such a reputation is discussed in the chapters on 

 ' Stupidity ' and * Reputation.' 



Of the psychical characteristics of the leading types of 

 all the chief orders of the Mammalia much has been written, 

 and there is a superabundance of anecdotes illustrative of 

 the sagacity of such animals as the dog, cat, horse, elephant, 

 and, to a less extent, of certain apes and monkeys. As in 

 the case of birds, however, in so large and important a class 

 of animals, there is a great diversity in the degree of intelli- 

 gence that characterises different orders, genera, species, and 

 individuals. 



The diversity of mental or moral endowments that charac- 

 terises individuals of the same species is specially discussed 

 in the chapter on 'Individuality.' Here we have mainly 

 to do with the psychical characters of the larger divisions 

 of the animal kingdom, of its subkingdoms, classes, and 

 orders, and, to a minor extent, of genera and species. 

 Among the Mammalia especially it is necessary to select 

 genera and species for illustration, and to regard them as 

 typical of the orders and classes to which they belong. It is 

 impossible in the present work to analyse, for the purposes 

 of comparison, the psychical character of all the important 

 animals belonging to the Mammalia ; but it is desirable to 

 dwell shortly on the higher mental or moral aptitudes of 

 one species the dog, among the Carnivora and of a group 

 of the Quadrumana the anthropoid apes. 



The mental and moral qualities the virtues and vices, the 

 accomplishments of the dog are referred to in almost every 



