IN THE VERTEBRATA. 77 



12. Humanlike musical accomplishments in instrumental 

 music. 



13. Humanlike emotional language, such as their war 

 cry, and the language of abuse, reprimand, annoyance, joy, 

 grief. 



14. Laughter and weeping, kissing, caresses, and em- 

 braces, as expressions of emotion. 



15. Use of artificial intimidation to compass an end. 



16. Government by chiefs or leaders. 



17. Quarrels and reconciliations with man and with each 

 other. 



18. The storage of missiles by way of ammunition. 



19. Reconnoitring. 



20. Curiosity. 



It has for ages been subject of keen debate which of the 

 lower animals stands next to man in intelligence, and there 

 cannot be said to be anything like unanimity of opinion in 

 the conclusion arrived at. On the whole, the place next to 

 man, as respects both intellect and morals, is usually as- 

 signed to the dog a rank that is undoubtedly due to his 

 intimate association with and careful training by man for 

 countless generations ; for there can be no question as to the 

 hereditary transmission, and consequent accumulation, of 

 the results, good or bad, of education by, or mere imitation 

 of, man. 



Among the Mammalia, however, the dog has rivals in 

 this supposed psychical pre-eminence in the elephant be- 

 longing to the Proboscidia on the one hand, and in the an- 

 thropoid apes belonging to the Quadrumana on the other ; 

 while among the Aves the parrot stands forth as unrivalled 

 in the power of articulate speech, of conversation thereby, 

 and of appropriate remark and reply. And even among the 

 Invertebrata, as we have already seen, there are certain 

 respects in which some authors give the place next to man 

 to ants. Of them Wood says, Some of their performances 

 are absolutely startling, so closely do they resemble the 

 customs of human civilisation.' 



In comparisons between different orders of the Vertebrata 

 and Invertebrata, as regards the degree of intelligence they 



