AND OTHER ANIMALS. 107 



hand, in the civilised adult and the savage, and, on the 

 other, in Mammals such as the horse or dog, or in birds 

 (Houzeau). Miss Cobbe, the late Rev. Sydney Smith, and 

 other authors who have closely studied the higher mental 

 faculties of the lower animals, find themselves necessitated 

 to concede to them the power of forming abstract ideas. 

 The late Sir Benjamin Brodie thought it impossible to deny 

 to the lower animals the power of abstraction. Leroy points 

 out that the wolf has abstract, though frequently morbid, 

 ideas of peril. As in so many other cases, much, or every- 

 thing, depends, in determining whether this or that moral 

 or mental attribute is peculiar to man or common to other 

 animals, on the different possible definitions or nomenclature 

 of such attribute the terms by which it is popularly known. 



10. The supposed absence in other animals of certain of 

 the higher moral or mental faculties, including 



Reflection. Wonder. Hope. 



Veneration. Causality. 



But it is abundantly shown in other parts of this work 

 that all of these faculties are possessed by certain of the 

 lower animals. It has, in fact, to be proved, by those who 

 carp and sneer at what they call the mere ' instinct ' of ani- 

 mals, that any one of the higher, as well as of the lower, 

 faculties moral or mental of man is altogether absent in 

 them, or certain of them. 



11. Actuation by principle or motive. The lower ani- 

 mals are, it is alleged, actuated only by physical desires or 

 wants. But of how many men is this far more true? 

 Many savage races are actuated only by present and per- 

 sonal interests, as exhibited, for instance, in food procuring 

 (Houzeau). Their 1 common motives to action are fear of 

 punishment or the hope of the acquisition of advantage. 

 In other words, their behaviour is determined, as is that of 

 children, and in many cases, no doubt, the lower animals, by 

 the principle or practice of reward and punishment. They 

 are characterised by the simplicity and fewness of their 

 wants, which relate mainly to the physical sustenance of 

 the individual and the perpetuation of the species. 



12. The discovery, establishment, and observance of law. 



