116 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAN 



surgical treatment shows that they are not less solicitous 

 sometimes about their bodily welfare than are mankind in 

 general. 



39. The gregarious or social nature of man. But in this, 

 as in so many other respects, he has no advantage over other 

 social animals. 



Such are samples of the more intelligible objections raised 

 by those who regard man as zoologically, morally, and in- 

 tellectually different from all other animals. But numbers 

 of less intelligible objections have been advanced by meta- 

 physicians, theologians, moral philosophers, and others, who 

 are determined, in one way or other, to make out that the 

 animal mind differs from the human not only in degree but 

 in kind if indeed many of these objectors go so far as to 

 admit the possession by other animals than man of anything 

 approaching * mind ' at all. 



For instance, to man is assigned the perception, and to 

 other animals the non-perception, of ' speculative truth.' 

 Animals ' apprehend the object, not the subject,' says Goodsir. 

 They lack the ' faculty of apprehending universals,' according 

 to Sir Alexander Grant, and so on. What such expressions 

 mean I cannot profess to say, and I willingly leave it, there- 

 fore, to the coiners and users of such ambiguous expressions 

 to prove that the faculties or attributes to which these 

 expressions refer are present in all men including savage 

 or primitive man and absent in all animals save man, or 

 vice versa. The probability is that, if this or that moral or 

 mental quality can be shown to be absent in the lower 

 animals, it will prove equally so in vast numbers of 

 mankind. 



On the other hand, there are a few writers who, feeling 

 the unsatisfactoriness of the distinctions immediately before 

 enumerated, have come to the conclusion and the proper 

 conclusion that which alone is based on the evidence of 

 fact that the difference between the animal and human 

 mind is one of 



1. Degree of development of what are virtually the same 

 mental or moral powers ; and of the 



2. Mode or manner of manifestation of what are essentially 

 the same faculties. 



