184 MORAL SENSE 



unnatural character, is one of the common results of mental 

 defect or disorder, just as it is too frequently in man himself. 



The dog frequently makes duty and its discharge para- 

 mount to all other considerations. To it are sacrificed even 

 revenge, on the one hand, or temptations to the pursuit of 

 game, or to access to food, on the other. Death itself is 

 sometimes preferred to the desertion of a trust or charge 

 (Watson). Many a dog restrains all its natural propensities 

 under a sense of duty and responsibility. When * on duty,' 

 entrusted with a message from a master, it very literally 

 places ' business before pleasure ; ' its self-control may even 

 prevent desirable or necessary self-defence. 



Whether it be from a sense of justice, of duty, or of 

 conscientiousness, it is a fact that certain working dogs and 

 other animals not only attend faithfully to their own duties, 

 but see that their companions give equal attention to theirs. 

 They exact duty or work from, or enforce it in, their col- 

 leagues (Watson). 



Certain of the lower animals have a very decided sense of 

 justice and injustice, of equity or fairness and the reverse, as 

 is more fully pointed out in the chapters on ' Law and Punish- 

 ment ' and ' Crime and Criminality.' Thus the dog, horse, 

 mule, ass, camel, elephant, and other working animals have 

 a feeling that ' the labourer is worthy of his hire ;' that they 

 deserve a certain meed of praise, credit, or reward a certain 

 return in food and drink, in domestic comfort or personal 

 attention for service rendered. There is a clear recognition 

 of the value of service a knowledge of personal deserts. 

 Hence they so frequently exhibit a sore sense of ill-requital 

 of hard labour or of self-sacrifice. Punishment which they 

 know to be undeserved they resent sometimes dangerously 

 to man and in doing so they discriminate and estimate man's 

 injustice. 



The bread-buying dog does very much the same thing 

 detects and protests against man's unfair dealing when, offer- 

 ing its penny for a roll, a baker tries, waggishly or otherwise, 

 to cheat it by giving it something of inferior value or re- 

 fusing it a quid pro quo at all. 



There must further exist, in certain animals, some per- 



