256 SELF-EDUCATION. 



by dropping them from a height upon, or by using their beaks 

 to hold them and dashing them against, some hard sub- 

 stance, such as a stone or a rock, may simply vary the height, 

 the hardness of the stone, or the force of the blow, in their 

 different attempts. 



As in man, investigation of all kinds in other animals 

 requires the use of the senses and judgment ; the applica- 

 tion of such faculties as memory, reflection, comparison, 

 inference. But it by no means follows that the lower ani- 

 mals arrive at their conclusions, acquire their information, 

 their experimental or other knowledge, by the same use of 

 the same senses as in man. 



On the contrary, we know that certain senses are used by 

 the lower animals in a different way from that "in which they 

 are employed by man. For instance, there can be no doubt 

 that the dog acquires by sniffing or smell information that 

 man usually obtains by the use of vision. We are too fre- 

 quently at a loss to determine what senses have been opera- 

 tive in the acquisition of given knowledge by so familiar an 

 animal even as the dog what has been the part played re- 

 spectively by each of several senses, perhaps. Some of man's 

 artistic representations of fire for instance, in lobby grates 

 are sometimes so good as at first sight to deceive a dog. 



But the animal submits what it soon comes to suspect is 

 an imposture to investigation, by observation, by touching, 

 by sniffing or smell. It applies tests, and makes experi- 

 ments with one sense after another, or with all combined, 

 and then applies reflection, comparison, judgment, to the 

 determination of the nature of the deceptive appearance. 

 Its suspicion that a mere imitation stood for a reality was 

 probably produced by such physical facts as the absence of 

 heat and of motion in the apparent flame. 



The horse, too, sniffs or smells, as well as looks at, un- 

 familiar objects brings all its senses and intelligence to 

 bear on the investigation of those that are, therefore, pre- 

 sumably dangerous. 



