EDUCATION OF ANIMALS BY MAN. 265 



Man's methods or means of tuition vary greatly in dif- 

 ferent men and in different animals. They include 



1. Various systems or forms of reward and punishment, 

 especially the giving or withholding of necessary or coveted 

 articles of food. 



2. Various combinations of kindness and. firmness, or kind- 

 ness alone, including the development of love and confidence. 



3. Various forms of harshness or cruelty, including the 

 development of fear. 



4. Acting on their 



a. Love of approbation. 



b. Expectancy. 



c. Desires or appetites. 



5. The force of discipline, routine, habit all long-con- 

 tinued. 



6. A due recognition of each animal's individuality. 



7. Due allowance has to be made also for age, sex, health, 

 and other circumstances that may give peculiarity to each 



8. The requirements of the teacher should include 



a. Great patience and perseverance. 



b. Perfect command of temper. 



c. Much kindliness to and sympathy with his pupils. 

 There are thus certain mental qualities, some of them 



approaching the character of foibles, in the pupil that man 

 has to take a legitimate or proper advantage of. Thus the 

 love of approbation and of spectators may be regarded as 

 amounting to vanity or self-conceit. There is a necessity 

 for sedulously cultivating some one or more of these qualities, 

 according to the special object in view accomplishment to 

 be acquired. 



The effects of mere association with man include some- 

 times remarkable changes in an animal's character. Such 

 association, for instance 



1. May either improve or deteriorate the character of 

 such an animal as the dog, which is at once highly intelli- 

 gent, observant, and impressionable ; or 



2. It may render the character of the lower animal, 

 notably of the dog, a mere reflex of that of his master. 



