EDUCATION OF ANIMALS BY MAN. 269 



belly with the cream ; ' while another individual, a member of 

 the same litter or family perhaps, that remains at home as the 

 playfellow of the shepherd's children and the guardian of his 

 other household gods, 'is bred at home to far higher principles 

 of honour. I have known such [a dog] lay night and day 

 among from ten to twenty pails full of milk, and never once 

 break the cream of one of them with the tip of his tongue ; 

 nor would he suffer cat, rat, or any other creature to touch 

 it.' 



On the other hand, among the disadvantages of associa- 

 tion with man are the savagery, ferocity, stupidity, and 

 want of affection that characterise, for instance, the bull- 

 dog, none of which qualities are natural to the animal, 

 though they are the natural fruits of its evil up-bringing 

 by man (Walsh). 



The effects of the up-bringing of young dogs or other 

 animals with children are frequently very remarkable ('Ani- 

 mal World'). Thus bear whelps brought up in the same 

 nursery with children, in intimate companionship, become 

 even amiable. Bad humour is rare ; they learn to behave 

 themselves even at table, as well at least as their child 

 companions do (Cassell). 



Domestication is virtually a form and process of education, 

 in which man's object is to render certain animals his slaves 

 or servants, companions or pets, his beasts of draught or 

 burden, his sources of food supply or his means of amuse- 

 ment. He cultivates alike their physical and mental nature 

 in the directions that are to be useful to himself. His 

 system of training, where he has a system, is determined 

 solely by considerations of direct and obvious utilitarianism. 

 He makes no special effort to develope either their moral 

 nature or intellectual faculties for their own sakes, in order 

 to greater moral excellence or a higher kind of knowledge. 



And yet there can be no doubt of the increased economic 

 value, as companions, playthings, or servants at least, of 

 animals highly educated, morally and intellectually. Man's 

 truest economy or policy, his highest privilege and most 

 obvious duty, is, where he makes any use of subject animals 

 (unless for the mere purposes of food), to educate thoroughly, 



