276 EDUCATION OF ANIMALS BY EACH OTHEE. 



tion, the use of proper precautions against danger, the esti- 

 mation of the kind and amount of peril, present or threatened, 

 the determination of the necessity or propriety of flight or 

 migration, and of the means of setting about either, is the 

 wolf (Low). The cat teaches caution and domestic cleanli- 

 ness to its kittens (* Animal World ') . Many bird parents teach 

 song e.g. the wren (' Percy Anecdotes ') . Many young birds 

 require tuition in song, inasmuch as they are not natural 

 songsters (Darwin). 



There are many cases in which, as has been already 

 said, the young are taught by elders or seniors who are not 

 their parents. This includes the category of foster parents 

 and foster young, where the teacher and pupil belong to 

 different genera or species. Thus we are told of an old cat 

 giving a young one, not of its own progeny, f a lesson of 

 patience or self-denial, or imposing a fear of punishment ' 

 (' Nature '), and of another, a disabled old torn, teaching a 

 young one, not its own, to' avoid the bustle and moving mer- 

 chandise of a London city warehouse (Wynter). Old mules 

 encourage young ones, as they also do each other, to per- 

 severance or exertion (Watson). 



There are certain other cases in which animals train or 

 teach each other, though they do not stand in the relation 

 of old and young and do not belong to the same genus or 

 species. In the first place, animals that have been trained 

 by man are sometimes employed by him to teach their own 

 fellows. Thus, in the training or breaking in of sporting 

 dogs, old, thoroughly trained, ' well-bred ' dogs are used in 

 teaching the young man here, however, supervising the 

 process and progress of tuition. On the other hand, wild 

 horses sometimes teach domestic ones their own vices (Baden 

 Powell), by the force of temptation on the part of the seducer 

 and of imitation on that of the seduced. 



This teaching of vices or tricks to each other is noticed 

 also in sporting dogs (Walsh). The ape, in breaking in the 

 dog for riding, does so on the principles employed by man in 

 breaking in his horses (Houzeau). 



The following features are common in the instruction of 

 the young by their parents or seniors. In the first place, it 



