LANGUAGE IN LOWER MAN. 287 



mical control are alike used so frequently in or by man to 

 conceal not to express his real sentiments. 



It may or may not be true that, as Talleyrand says, 

 * language was given to us for the concealment of our 

 thoughts.' But it is certainly abundantly true that man fre- 

 quently makes use of words to pervert or obscure his real 

 ideas or feelings. It is, however, a mere assumption, and 

 an incorrect one, that in other animals there is always a 

 transparency or intelligibility of motive, feeling, or thought 

 that ' he who runs may read ' the ideas, the wants, or 

 wishes of his dog, for instance. 



In point of fact, as is pointed out in the chapter on 

 ' Deception,' the language employed is not necessarily or 

 always a key to the real emotions, desires, or designs of 

 shrewd, cunning, ingenious animals. They are quite 

 capable, for adequate reasons, of masking their real inten- 

 tions of misrepresenting their real condition, so as con- 

 stantly to deceive man himself and throw him off his guard. 



Even among the most highly civilised races of man, and 

 in the most highly educated individuals, the natural, universal 

 language of emotion asserts itself as dominant over all other, 

 conventional forms of language. Dr. Gustav Jager refers, 

 for instance, to the simple emotional cry produced by intense 

 feeling, such as the fear of death (Biichner). 



Let us ever remember that, among even civilised races 



a. Different nations do not understand each others' 

 language spoken, written, and printed without laborious 

 study and incessant practice. 



&. In the same people the written, printed, or spoken 

 language of the educated is little, or not at all, under- 

 stood by the uneducated classes ; the language of the meta- 

 physician or mathematician, theologian or poet, philosopher 

 or man of science, is utterly unintelligible to the common 

 run of the populace. 



c. The application or use of mere spoken, written, and 

 printed language is therefore very limited. 



And on the other hand let us bear in mind that 



d. The only form of language which is universal in man 

 and intelligible among all races and peoples is that which 



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