LANGUAGE IN OTHER ANIMALS. 291 



Dog language is quite a study of itself, including the 

 separate study of the 



1. Language of the voice bark, howl, whine, snarl, 

 growl. 



2. Language of the eye and look. 



3. Language of the tail and ear. 



4. Language of the general attitude movement, aspect, 

 or gesture. 



Bird language the language of song in birds is another 

 study by itself, and attention may well be separately given 

 to the different modes of expression in particular groups, 

 such as poultry, cage birds, and parrots. Ant language, 

 again, is equally peculiar and interesting. 



Nay, the different .intonations of a single sound may prove 

 quite a study of itself for instance, the bark or howl of the 

 dog, the mewing or caterwauling of the cat. 



The diversity of language, or its forms, even in a single 

 family, is sometimes very marked, as much so as it is in the 

 various races of mankind. Thus among ants inhabiting a 

 given locality there may be said to be different peoples, using 

 a different language and occupying different ant-hills or 

 nests, each people or tribe being as much distinguished by 

 its language as by its territory or district (Houzeau). 



The recent experiments of Professor Ferrier, according 

 to his own interpretation of the phenomena, tend to show 

 that human and animal language are identical that the 

 barking of the dog and mewing of the cat are the equi- 

 valents of speech in man, and that the faculty of language in 

 man and other animals has virtually the same seat in the 

 brain. He describes opening the mouth, putting out the 

 tongue, and barking in the dog, mewing and spitting or 

 hissing in the cat, as 'signs corresponding to speech.' 

 But it needed not the experiment of the physiologist or the 

 pathologist, or the research of the anatomist, to tell us that 

 the dog's bark, the cat's mew, and the horse's neigh, as well 

 as corresponding vocal expressions in other animals, are the 

 analogues of speech or speaking in man. 



Language in animals whatever be its nature is both 

 (a) natural and (6) acquired. In the latter case it may be 



