CHAPTER XIII. 



VOCAL LANGUAGE. 



THE principal forms of vocal language among the lower 

 animals the chief voice-sounds by which they exhibit or 

 give expression to their various feelings or emotions, ideas 

 or thoughts, wants or wishes are the following : 



1. Articulate speech, consisting mainly of successful imi- 

 tation of man's words and phrases for instance, in the 

 parrot, parroquet, starling, jackdaw, grakle, raven, crow, jay, 

 magpie, and blackbird. 



This subject includes 



a. The distinct utterance of words and phrases, so as to 

 deceive man himself, as well as certain other animals that 

 are accustomed to, and that understand, man's words and 

 phrases e.g. the dog and the horse. 



b. The repetition of words and sentences, without neces- 

 sarily knowing their meaning otherwise mere mechanical 

 repetition by rote, including recitation, quotation, decla- 

 mation, and song-singing. 



c. The appropriate use of words and sentences, involving 

 the power of composition and the association of ideas with 

 words, including the association of the same kind of ideas 

 that man attaches to the same kind of words and phrases. 



Illustrations are to be found in the form of 



1. Pertinent remark or comment. 



2. Question and reply. 



3. The expression of physical wants. 



4. Salutation or address, including the use of the 



proper names of persons. 



5. Giving orders. 



