300 VOCAL LANGUAGE. 



6. Correction of error. 



7. Satire. 

 3. Rebuke. 



9. Use of oaths or vituperation. 



d. The consequent power of conversation with man. 



e. The acquisition and use of various of the languages of 

 man, including, unfortunately, slang and oaths in more than 

 one European language. 



2. Inarticulate cries of different kinds, comparable to the 

 interjectional exclamations of man, commonest in young 

 animals of the most diverse genera and species, such as 

 the dog, elephant, camel, seal, bear, mule, ox, hysena, red 

 squirrel, hedgehog, capybara, gorilla, siamang, orang, chim- 

 panzee and certain apes and monkeys, swan, parrot, wood- 

 pecker, waterfowl, common fowl, owl, rook, turkey, swallow, 

 and other birds. 



This category may be held to include 



a. Screams for instance, in animals so different as the 

 dog, camel, elephant, orang and certain monkeys, goose, 

 flamingo, fish hawk, North American kingfisher, swallow, 

 hen turkey, crow, and other birds. 



&. Shrieks in the dog, some apes, and swallow. 



c. Yells in the soko, dog, and pig. 



d. Moans or groans, shouts, and many other voice-sounds 

 that need not here be specified. 



The cries of animals are of special interest in at least two 

 respects, viz. 



1. Their frequently /mmcm-childlike or infantile charac- 

 ter; and 



2. The fact that they constitute one of the main primary 

 elements out of which all human-spoken language has grown 

 or been constructed (Blackie). 



The war-cry of the gorilla is said to be humanlike in 

 its tone or general character, resembling that of savage 

 man (Houzeau). The bear whelp cries like a child when 

 hungry. The wail of the motherless 'cat* (or babe) seal 

 is 'very like that of a human infant.' It is described as 

 ' crying piteously ' for its slaughtered mother (Buckland). 

 Mary Howitt describes the cries of a woodpecker as resem- 



