LAUGHTER AND WEEPING. 323 



specified, the action of sobbing or weeping is nevertheless 

 represented as occurring. Whatever may be the case in 

 man, it would appear that in other animals the phenomena 

 of weeping or sobbing do not necessarily involve the presence 

 of tears. 



Whether accompanied or unaccompanied by demon- 

 strable tears, the action of weeping occurs most frequently, 

 in other animals as in man, under the powerful influence of 

 grief or sorrow of all kinds, especially that resulting from or 

 connected with bereavement of young, mates, companions, 

 or human masters. But weeping is the fruit also of other 

 emotions, some of them of a curious or a complex cha- 

 racter. Thus I have notes of its occurrence from 



1. Mere emotionalness as in certain monkeys, from 

 being pitied by man (Darwin and Eengger). 



2. Despair as in the stag at bay (Low) or the caged 

 rat (Reedy). 



3. Fright, terror, or fear in the titi or other monkeys 

 (Humboldt, Cassell). 



4. Captivity and its resultant melancholy in the Indian 

 and Cingalese elephant (Darwin and Tennent), and in 

 monkeys (Darwin). 



5. Joy. 



6. Bodily pain, fatigue, or want such as thirst. 



7. Sense of ill-usage, including wrong or degradation. 



8. Fond or sad memories. 



9. Sympathy. 



10. Disappointment or chagrin as in monkeys (Eengger), 

 and elephants (Houzeau). 



11. Sadness and regret. 



12. Old age or the dying state. 



13. Pettishness at non-compliance with whims as in 

 the young soko (Livingstone) and orang (Yvan). 



14. Dread of punishment in chimpanzees or other 

 Quadrumana trained to man's service. 



Weeping, like laughter, then, arises from emotions and 

 ideas of the most opposite kind, as well as from bodily 

 sufferings or impressions all just as in man. 



It is not enough, however, merely to assert that various 



